六至十二個月嬰兒在挫折情境中之情緒反應

The Emotional Reactions toward Frustration in Six to Twelve-Month-Old Infants

本研究目的為探討年幼嬰兒於挫折情境中之情緒反應。6、9和12個月的嬰兒共60位參與研究，其中各年齡組之半數嬰兒先經歷面對母親然後面對陌生人引發之挫折情境，另外半數嬰兒則先面對陌生人再面對母親引發之挫折情境。在引發挫折的程序中，先連續餵食嬰兒餅乾再連續取走餅乾。研究結果發現嬰兒在挫折階段的平均心跳與哭泣頻率均高於基準階段，哭泣頻率在挫折階段高於給予餅乾階段。心跳部分，6個月的嬰兒面對母親的心跳速率高於面對陌生人，12個月的嬰兒在給予餅乾階段與挫折階段的心跳速率高於基準階段。當先面對陌生人所引發挫折時，嬰兒面對母親的平均心跳速率高於面對陌生人。哭泣部分，9個月的嬰兒在先面對陌生人比先面對母親的情境下表現較多的哭泣；12個月嬰兒則反之。12個月的嬰兒在先面對母親引發挫折的情境下，在基準階段與給予餅乾階段表現出較多的哭泣頻率。本研究結果顯示，在嬰兒6-12個月時已表現出挫折反應，面對母親嬰兒表現出心跳加速的反應以及較多哭泣，但9個月嬰兒先面對陌生人引發挫折時表現出較多之哭泣，而12個月嬰兒的哭泣挫折反應則在先面對陌生人而後面對母親時較相反順序時為少。綜合本研究結果發現，嬰兒的挫折反應與母親與陌生人有關，母親對於6-12個月的嬰兒之挫折反應調節具重要性。

The purpose of the present study was to examine 6 to 12–month-old infants’ reactions toward frustration. Sixty infants of 6, 9, and 12 months participated in a frustration induction procedure. Half of them experienced a session with his/her mother first, and then with a stranger, and the other half experienced the sessions in reverse order. During each session, infants were first offered 3 cookies, and then had another 3 cookies taken away from them. The results indicated that in comparison to the baseline, the infants’ heart rates increased, and they cried more during frustration. The frequency of crying during the frustration stage was higher than that during the cookie-offering stage. In general, the 6-month-old infants exhibited higher heart rates when facing mothers than strangers. As for the 12-month-old infants, their heart rates during frustration and cookie-eating were higher than baseline. When facing the stranger first, the infants exhibited higher heart rates with mothers than with strangers. The results showed that when facing their mothers, infants cried more during frustration than during the baseline or cookie-offering stage. The 9-month-old infants cried more in the session with the stranger. The 12-month-old infants cried more during the baseline and cookie-offering stage, if they first experienced frustration session with mother rather than frustration session with the stranger. These findings suggest that mothers play a major role in regulating their infants’ frustration reactions.