廟會、香會與村落記憶：都市村民的生活經驗

Miaohui, Religion Organizations and Village Consciousness: Living Experiences of Urban Villagers

在田野調查和文獻資料的基礎上，本文考察了兩個以村落為依託的香會組織，意在闡釋民間組織與村落意識之間的內在聯繫。古城村和西北旺村曾是北京近郊的鄉村聚落，1990年代在中心城區的拓展中，開啟了都市村莊的里程。此時，前者的村莊邊界尚在，後者只有關帝廟矗立獨存。然而，在都市文化的浸淫中，兩村的香會組織卻始終恪守著踩街和妙峰山朝頂進香的傳統。正是這種週期性廟會的感召，以及村民對過往生活的追念，使得鮮活的村落民俗文化沒有消失在城市的街區，生活在都市中的村民也沒有產生精神上的失落和內心的鬱抑，而是在參與香會組織的活動中日益強化著村落意識。在對香會歷史與村莊現實的探詢中我們發現：一方面，都市村民通過民俗活動的展演，藉以尋找社區的歷史；另一方面，在城中村拆遷和申報非物質文化遺產的過程中，他們又通過香會組織表達著共同的利益訴求。就此而言，香會組織不僅是昔日村莊生活的象徵，也是傳承村落歷史和文化記憶的表達方式。

Based on fieldwork and literature, this paper aims to explain the intrinsic relations between folk organizations and village consciousness through comparing two religious organizations located in two villages. Prior to the urbanization of Beijing, Gucheng Village and Xibeiwang Village were located in the suburbs of the city, but since the extension of Beijing in the 1990s, these villages have become part of the wider city. Although the border of the former village can still be found, and there is only Guandi temple left to identify the latter, the members of these two village-based religious organizations still practice the tradition of Caijie(踩街)and pilgrimage to mountain Miao-feng Shan. Moreover, with the effect of periodical Miaohui and reliving the memories of past village life through participating in the activities of religious organizations, urban villagers have intensified their common village consciousness, instead of experiencing spiritual loss or psychological depression. There are two reasons for this, one is that rituals of folk culture have awaken urban villagers to the history of themselves and their communities, the other is that they have been reorganized and motivated by a common goal in the process of Urban Village Renewal and the Intangible Cultural Heritage conservation declaration. It can be safely concluded that religious organizations in those two villages symbolize not only the daily life in the past, but it also help reawaken the village history as well as cultural tradition and memory.