臺灣臨床心理學的濫觴、發展與願景

The History of Clinical Psychology in Taiwan

本文主旨在於描述台灣臨床心理學過去五十年來之歷史(1953~2002)，並細說作者綜合部份台灣臨床心理學者與臨床心理師的心聲之後所提出的願景(1)。台灣臨床心理學的工作苗圃乃由一位台灣精神醫學學者所準備，而其種子乃由台灣大學心理系所製造；時距今將近50年前的1953年。迄2002年培育臨床心理學工作人員的大學教育機構已增至九所，培育出來這方面的學者已有24名之多，與之相關的學者人數則更為可觀。據2000年行政院衛生署統計，精神科臨床心理師總數已驟增為294名，而中國心理學會(2)臨床心理學組的組員總數則為664名(含學生組員101名)。據多方估計，兼顧人口比率，該時的臨床心理師人數應有2,300名之多；可見，全國教育機構尚須繼續努力培養更多這方面的人才(3)。目前台灣臨床心理學教育工作，為了配合2001年10月31日通過的臨床心理師法規定，將其水準提高到研究所碩士班的程度。在本文，作者除簡介目前臨床心理師之工作內容與狀況外，也建議為了台灣臨床心理學能走出自己的路，在研究所養成教育課程裡也應該兼顧實際臨床工作與理論建構兩方面。易言之，除了強化目前實施中的碩士班第三年整年的醫院臨床實習工作之外，也應增加理論建構的課程。本文最後，作者提到其以習慣為關鍵概念努力建構起來的台灣特有的臨床心理學理論為例，盼望台灣臨床心理學從業人員能為建立台灣臨床心理學理體系之工作用心用力。

The present paper narrates the course of development of Clinical Psychology in Taiwan, between 1953~2002, and proposes a perspective of the author for this academic field. In 1953, the first seed of Taiwan clinical psychology was planted by Dr. Tsung-yi Lin, at the Department of Psychiatry, the Hospital of Medical School of National Taiwan University. Dr. Lin was a Psychiatrist, trained at the Boston Psychopathic Hospital in U.S.A., and was then the chairman of the Department. That first seed which Dr. Lin sowed was made at the Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University. Fifty years later, in 2002, there were nine Universities also set up the training programs of clinical psychology, and the number scholars of this field has amounted to twenty-four; besides, there were many more scholars in related fields, such as Counseling and Guidance in other universities. According to the 2000 year report of National Health Institute of R.O.C., the numbers of personnel in the position of clinical psychology of hospitals were 294 already; though, the total numbers of personnel listed in the division of Clinical Psychology of the Chinese Psychology Association had swelled to 664, including 101 ”student-members”. At that time several scholars were interested in the question of total number of professional clinical psychologists needed for Taiwan society, then; the later statistics revealed it to be around 2,300. The figure clearly shows that far many more clinical psychologists need to be trained to satisfy such a great demands of Taiwan society. On the day of October, 31 th, 2001, The Clinical Psychologists Acts was finally passed at the Legislative Yuan and was signed by the President of Republic of China, after more than ten years’ continuous efforts by concerned people, including scholars as well as legislators. The very Acts stated that to be a qualified clinical psychologist, one should first be a graduate of clinical psychology training program of Psychology Institute of University officially registered at the Ministry of Education, R.O.C.. The establishment of the Acts was enthusiastically hailed by the people in Taiwan, who were deeply concerned about the mental health problems of the whole nation. The importance and value of the Acts has vividly been illustrated by the following sprouting developments related to the Acts; firstly many more universities started to set up the department of clinical, or counseling psychology for master degree training; secondly, many more vacancies were opened for clinical psychology division in the institute of psychology; thirdly, the National Association for professional clinical psychologists was organized, and several branch associations in many cities as well as private psychological clinics have succeeding started to offer professional services for the public; finally and most importantly, the Center of Clinical Psychology Services also was set up in the National University General Hospital to provide psychological services for its own patients and clients, independently of as well as cooperatively with other departments of the same hospital. Most important thing to be noted in the academic field of psychology is that the Taiwan Association of Clinical Psychology was established in the following year of official announcement of the Acts of clinical psychologists, and the Archives of Clinical Psychology started to appear in the market of psychological publications market, soon thereafter. The author of the present paper would finally like to propose several visionary views about the future of Taiwan clinical psychology; the most important one amongst them is to explore if the concept of habit can become the key concept to create a grand theory for Taiwan clinical psychology.