生活世界中信度、效度與價值的可能性條件：對精神病學方法的哲學性反思

Conditions of Possibility of Reliability, Validity and Value in the Life-world :Philosophical Reflection on the Methodology of Psychiatry

本文主要在討論以精神病醫學為例的實徵心理學如何建立在現象學的哲學層次上。全篇以較整體的方式將實徵層次已預設但未明顯化的哲學層次做一闡釋，並以心理學研究應建立在以海德格哲學所揭示的價值或存有意義層次上為論述的宗旨。當然這種立場有待讀者進一步的反省與檢驗。全文開展的方式首先從根本上以信度為依據而建立之DSM與其醫病環境的生成史觀察出發，接著對它們以及其預設之理論做一哲學的反省，然後先就胡塞爾現象學偏於認識論的效度性真理做一存有論的反省，次就海德格現象重視存有論的價值性真理做一詳細闡釋，後而介紹一位匈牙利學者所詮釋海德格思想中類似的價值意涵，接著看海德格如何對於精神病醫學方法來反省。我們所得出的結論是：心理學量化與質性研究方法的根本區別植根於對所設為前提的哲學性真理有不同理解，它們的不同正可以由對於信度、效度、價值的各有所偏重來表示。惟本文探討信度、效度、價值在生活世界的可能性條件之意義，乃著眼於它們在哲學的存有論層次上所各自具有的意義或其生成歷程，而並未涉及它們在實徵心理學層次的意義。對於後者以及兩個層次意義之問關係的探討將是我們進一步的研究課題。

This paper principally discusses how the empirical psychology, psychiatry as an example, is based on the philosophical level of phenomenology. It is in general to explore the philosophical level which the empirical level certainly has presupposed, but not yet explicated. The purpose of the article is to argue that the psychological research should be based on the level of value or that of the meaning of “Being” which Heidegger’s philosophy has disclosed. Of course, this proposition needs to be further examined and inspected. The article starts with an observation on the genesis of DSM, which is based on reliability, and that of the doctor/patient relationship as well as the medicare environment established by the DSM, and it is followed by a philosophical reflection on the theory proposed. Then it continues to make an ontological reflection on the epistemological truth of validity from which Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology is oriented, and to explain in detail the ontological truth of value which Heidegger’s phenomenology stresses. In the next section, a Hungarian scholar’s interpretation of Heidegger’s thinking on the meaning of value is introduced. In the last part, the article will review Heidegger’s reflection on the methodology of modern psychiatry. This paper concludes: The essential difference between quantitative and qualitative research methods of the psychology lies in the different understandings about philosophical truth; and their difference can be shown by the variable emphasis upon reliability, validity or value. It should be kept in mind that the conditions of possibility of reliability, validity and value in the life-world that would generate meanings may be limited to the philosophical and ontological level, while the empirical level and the relationship between both levels are topics that can be further explored.