認知繪圖的概念與方法及其在護理研究之應用

The Concept and Method of Cognitive Mapping : An Application in Nursing Research

認知繪圖是一種因果關係繪圖的技術，被用來收集特定的想法、題目、訊息、和概念。在質性研究中，認知繪圖可以提供一個相當好的資料組織方法，研究者藉由它分析大量與多變的資料。認知繪圖技術透過確認因果關係和概念間連結的關係等步驟來完成，其步驟為：發展研究問題、訪談受訪者後預留3小時以便儘快聆聽錄音帶、使用田野札記、仔細聆聽錄音帶以確定資料的重要概念、用筆把主題寫在A3白紙的中央、從中央開始寫下關鍵字眼／概念、從上層概念畫出線條至下層概念、確認主題及重要概念以完成草圖、專家檢視、應用創意架構概念圖以修正並完成繪圖。認知繪圖的技巧有助於研究者及受訪者共同合作，以找出資料結構合宜之方向、組織資料內容及導引分析資料。認知繪圖技巧為未來的護理研究活動提供了重要的應用方法。

Cognitive mapping is a technique of causal relation, which can be used to gather specific ideas, topics, message and concepts. In a qualitative study, cognitive mapping provides a well-organized method for the researchers in analyzing a large amount and varied body of information. Cognitive mapping is completed through a confirmation of the causal relation and relationships between the ideas. The steps of the cognitive mapping technique include developing research problems; at least three hours be allowed and followed after interview time; generate field notes; listen to the tape to get significant concepts; be prepared with A3 sheet of paper for mapping; start at the center of the paper with a focal word; draw lines from upper concepts to lower concepts; draw a preliminary map with focal concepts; peer reviewing; to be creative for mapping a conceptual map and revise the map in order to complete a cognitive map. This technique helps to analyze, organize, and structure data as well as enable both interviewees and researchers to cooperate and establish a suitable future direction. The cognition technique is an important method in application for future nursing research.