英文摘要 |
Social theoreticians have posed a dichotomy between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft: namely, a difference between “those naturally developed forms of organization which have intrinsic and non-logical values to them” and those “deliberately formed associations, for rational achievement of mutual goals.” Many social theorists such as Karl Marx, Sir Henry Maine, Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, and Emile Durkheim saw the social changes of their time as moving the world from the former towards the latter. In Karl Witt-fogel's theory of Oriental Society, which attempted to analyze the Chinese empire, there was also a fundamental division between state and society; that is, between institutions “born of state prescription” and those “born of the needs of natural social unity.”“According to this theory and its derivatives, a powerful despotic state seeks to impose its own forms of organization upon the natural units of rural society in order to control and tax them. |