情感、耶穌與斯多葛派的聖人

Emotion, Jesus, and the Stoic Sage

斯多葛派的哲學觀點曾在希臘羅馬的版圖中佔有五百年的優勢。它訴諸於一種聖人理想：依循自然生活，而達到一種冷漠的狀態，並巧妙地制定出避免痛苦的生活方式。在文化影響上取代斯多葛派的基督宗教，也在耶穌的身上，尋求一個道德模範。本文比較這些道德模範──斯多葛派聖人和耶穌──的情感組成成分。儘管基督宗教有許多和斯多葛派一致的看法，然而兩者間也存在值得注意的差異。例如：有些斯多葛聖人所譴責的情感被認為是耶穌的特質，斯多葛派和享樂主義者認為成就他人是不智之舉，兩者對痛苦的看法也有顯著差別。

Stoicism was a dominant philosophical viewpoint in the Greco-Roman world for five hundred years. It appealed to the ideal of the sage who living according to nature achieves a condition of apathy and cleverly strategizes ways to live a life that avoids suffering. Christianity, which superseded stoicism in cultural influence, also appealed to a moral exemplar in the person of Jesus. This paper is a comparison of the emotional repertoires of these moral exemplars—the Stoic sage and Jesus (7-2 BCE-A.D.30-36). Although there is much in Christianity that is compatible with Stoic attitudes there are nevertheless, remarkable differences as well. For example, there are emotions that the Stoic sage would condemn that are attributed to Jesus, cultivation of others that stoics and epicureans would think unwise and there is a contrasting attitude toward suffering.