方以智三教道一論的特色及其體知意義

Fang Yizhi's Dao-Based Synthesis of the Three Teachings and Internal Awareness

本文之要點有二：一、歸納思想史上三教合一論的類型，並依此說明明代三教論及方以智三教論的特色。二、分析方以智三教道一論與「體知」之說的理論關聯。本文認為方以智的論說可以回答三個有關「體知」的理論問題：（一）三教的工夫及境界有發動工夫的共同基礎，可作為體知活動的起點。（二）體知三教是指基於相互的權威性，將三教的說法內斂於己的實踐活動。（三）體知三教的語言，必須打翻、滾用三教的說法，不將語言視為靜態的意義展示，而在動態的現實活動中還原語言的指示性意義。

This paper deals primarily with the following two points. First, we will look at thee various ways in which syntheses of China's Three Teachings have been attempted throughout history in order to get a better idea of what was unique to attempts at such a synthesis during the Ming dynasty in general and by Fang Yizhi (方以智) in particular. Second, we will analyze the connection between Fang's syncretism and the theory of internal awareness (體知 tizhi). We find that Fang's discussion can serve to respond to three theoretical questions concerning the idea of internal awareness. First, Fang's syncretism is not based on a literal understanding of the textual traditions but rather on a corporal praxis. Second, 'language' in Fang's syncretism combines both 'teaching of meaning' and 'corporal praxis.' Third, Fang's syncretism is informed by a particular interpretive principle that comes close to the idea of internal awareness.