從近代西方宗教理論的觀點看六朝道教經典的幾種建構模式

Perspectives on Theory in Religious Studies and the Construction of Daoist Scriptures in Six Dynasties

宗教學理論在近十年來經歷過一個理論的轉變，這個轉變使得學者過去從強調將文化與宗教等視為系統研究的對象轉而去關注施為者的相關課題。學者逐漸不再視宗教為一個系統，而是視之為一個現象，並從信仰者或實踐者的角度，考察信仰者如何了解並運用宗教，而宗教又如何影響滲透到信仰者的生活當中。學者也因而發現，宗教並非是一個完整封閉的系統，可以被研究者以特定理論模型掌握而理解，同時從施為者的角度來看，每個人對宗教的理解與詮釋也都不一致。這種研究態度的轉變形成新的研究趨勢，並進而影響了中國宗教的研究。本文首先需要探討這整個宗教研究的轉變及其背景，然後再進一步探討過去中國宗教研究的盲點，以及如何運用西方宗教研究的成果與觀念來重新審視中國宗教，最後討論道教經典的建構模式，以及這種模式對我們理解道教所產生的影響。

This paper focuses on the transformation of Religious Studies methodology, especially the theories that posit agency as the main theme of religious studies. Rather than thinking of religions as conceptual entities, systems of symbols or theoretical schemes, scholars now tend to think religions as loosely organized sets of resources that people may use, appropriate, or bend in an infinite variety of ways and contexts. From the perspective of agency, people avail themselves of elements from multiple repertoires and they have various understandings and interpretations of certain religions. Based on this theoretical transformation, we provide some criticisms in Chinese religious studies. Furthermore, this paper explores the writing models of Daoist texts, especially the concept of sacred writing in Daoist contexts. The second part of this paper focuses on the discussion of the notion of Daoist celestial writing in medieval China.