《莊子》的雅俗顛覆與文化更新――以流動身體和流動話語為中心

On the Reversal of the Urbane and the Uncultured and on Cultural Renewal in Zhuangzi: With Emphasis on Flow Body and Flow Language

本文透過身體與話語兩個核心視域，解讀《莊子》的顛覆策略。其中追溯商巫儀式的流動身體、《山海經》的怪誕身體，以及《莊子》氣化身體之間的演變脈絡；並對比於周代禮文體制下的威儀身體，孔子以禮攝身的禮教身體。本文尤其關注《莊子》醜陋支離、形殘畸零等邊緣人物，百工技匠等民間庶人，據此分析《莊子》如何透過底層俗民的活力，來顛覆政治上層與文化雅層的意識型態。《莊子》這種重寫他者的文學技藝，以流動話語來更新已然僵化的價值體系，可開發出一種文化批判與更新的理論。為進一步揭露《莊子》的文化更新理論，嘗試將其置放在巴赫金「狂歡文化」的「眾聲喧嘩」脈絡來對話，一方面進行兩者的嘲諷、戲仿等顛覆策略的微觀對話，另一方面進行兩者的文化更新理論之宏觀對話。

Through the lenses of ”body” and ”language”, this paper interprets the reversal strategy of ”Zhuangzi”. It traces the progressive change of the body, from the flow body of ritual in the Shang dynasty, to the abnormal body of ”Shanhai Jing”, to the body of Qi in ”Zhuangzi”; this paper then compares them with the awe-inspiring body in the rites system of the Zhou Dynasty and the Confucian body of Confucius. This study particularly focuses on the ugly and abnormal characters and the common people in ”Zhuangzi” to find how this book tried to reverse the ideology of political and cultural elite by the charm and energy of grassroots characters. ”Zhuangzi” demonstrates a literary technique in which others are rewritten and the rigid value system is renewed by flow language. This approach can develop into a cultural criticism and cultural renewal. In order to explore the cultural renewal theory of ”Zhuangzi”, this paper attempts to interpret it by the context of ”Rave Culture” theory of M. M. Bakhtin. In addition it proffers micro-interpretations on reversal strategies (such as taunts), and develops macro-interpretations on the view of cultural renewal, in order to outline new classical interpretation regarding the cultural position of ”Zhuangzi”.