精神分析與政治哲學：佛洛依德，最後及最偉大的現代主義者

Psychoanalysis and Political Philosophy: Freud, the Last and the Greatest Modernist

此文主張現代性的特徵是人的「反社會的社會性」，而精神分析使政治哲學中最根本的矛盾雙重性浮現出來：個人與群體之間的「（非）關係」。人與共同體既有「社會性」的「連結關係」，也有一種「非社會性」的「無關係」。 佛洛依德主張，一方面人有根本的「反社會性」，追求回到「自戀—全體—享樂原則—無人際關係」的原始狀態，拒抗文明的要求；在另一方面，因「他者」在自我結構中的先行地位，使得個人慾望的滿足必然要向外開展，導向人群的形成。 因此個人與群體之間存在著一種「不可能的合題」，「社會性」不會壓倒「反社會性」，反之亦然。

This paper discussed the relation between psychoanalysis and western political philosophy. If the characteristic trait of Modernism was what Kant mean by ”the insocial sociability of mankind,” I argue that Freud was the last and the greatest modernist.Firstly, for Freud, the most important feature of human beings was the ambivalence of affection. Therefore, on the one hand, humans were by nature a political animal, that is to say that there was always a social relationship between men; but on the other hand, humans are also an anti-political animal, because the original structure of human desire is incompatible with the civilisation or the common life with the others.Secondly, this structural paradox in the psychological world made Freud exclaim that there was an impossible synthesis between the human desire and the demand of culture. The symptom of neurosis for the modern man was the witness of the impossibility cohabitation between the satisfaction of individual desire and the fulfillment of strict cultural requirements.Finally, I conclude that the ”formation” of a social relationship is a ”transformation” of a non-relation which is nothing but a kind of narcissistic movement. As the same, the absence of social relationship or the state of narcissism made it necessarily that men live together.