陶淵明的懷古意識與典範形塑

The Role of Paradigm Formation in Tao Yuanming's Sense of Nostalgia

在陶淵明詩文中的「懷古意識」具有兩個明顯的面向，一為「人格典範」，另一則是「樂園圖象」。前者關乎個體存在的意義價值，後者則是群體共在的理想世界。其「懷古意識」不論是指向人格或是樂園，都具有典範形塑的意義，而對於典範的認同合一則是其精神力量的主要來源，這些深刻的意涵透過陶集中與歷史及神話相關的篇章共同表而出之。本文擬以幾個主要部分進行論證，首先，分析他如何以「典範化」的思維掌握歷史的意義。其次，析論陶淵明貫穿歷史與神話，揭舉出具有抗爭精神的典範。再次，說明陶淵明如何建構出隱者與貧士合一的典範，以安頓己身並重塑士人精神。接續則比較神話樂園與仙境樂園的差異，以彰顯陶淵明如何緊密結合上古樂園與歷史文化及田園風土的關係，進一步將樂園圖象人境化，而形塑出嶄新的樂園典型──「桃花源」。最後，則綜述陶淵明在典範形塑與實踐上所具有的時代意義。

Two obvious aspects of the sense of nostalgia present in Tao Yuanming's writings are exemplary models of character and images of paradise, both of which are significant in terms of paradigm formation. This deep implication is jointly conveyed through the use of history and of myth in his writing.There are several parts to the argument presented in this paper. First of all there is an analysis of how Tao uses paradigmatic thinking to understand the meaning of history. Secondly, there follows an analysis and discussion of how, by threading together history and myth, he reveals and holds up paradigms of fighting spirit. Next, I will present an explanation of how Tao constructs a paradigm that fuses reclusion and impoverishment in order to find a home for his own spirit, which incorporates both these aspects. Following on from this I will compare the differences between paradise in myth and the paradise of the immortals in order to illustrate how Tao Yuanming combines the paradise of remote antiquity with historical culture and rural conditions and customs, and then bringing this image of paradise into the human realm, forms a brand new paradigm of paradise, the Peach Blossom Spring. To conclude I will summarize the significance to the times of the writer's formation and use of exemplary models.