中世紀手抄書籍「哥德字體」之演化與風格研究

A Study to the Evolution and Lettering Styles of 'Gothic Textura' in the Medieval Manuscript

本文以中世紀後期西歐手抄書籍所通行之哥德字體為研究主題，目的是透過其發展之社會背景與字形風格演化之整理，以期建立後續探討活字印刷字體設計的因果脈絡，並作為推論印刷初期字體使用概念之參考依據。藉由文獻的評述與字形樣本分析，從形成的歷史背景開始，將字體演化分為兩個階段：早期哥德字體（11至12世紀），與典型哥德字體（13至15世紀），歸納其書寫技法、字形結構、視覺特徵與造形概念。依據整理的結果，與其他時代的手寫及印刷字體作比較，從（1）字形的獨創性與影響，（2）「機能」與「裝飾」的衝突，（3）從「時代性」到「文化性」，三個方向討論哥德字體對西方字形發展的影響。最後再加入環境文化因素與羅馬字體的興起等議題，針對後續研究文藝復興印刷字體的設計源起，就哥德字體的發展對活字初期的字形影響，再提出三點命題思考：（1）從字形及書籍發展，探討印刷興起之背景，（2）北方活字印刷最初的字形依據，（3）南方哥德字體風格與羅馬印刷字形發展的關係。

Through organizing its social background and lettering evolution, this research focuses on the Gothic Textura, which was commonly used in European late medieval manuscripts, to establish the sequence of idea for analyzing the typeface style, and become the reference for criticizing the original concept in the very beginning of printing lettering as well. By discussing the related documents and analyzing the letterform, we classify the evolution of gothic letters into two steps: the early gothic （11th to 12th century） and the gothic textura （13th to 15th century）, and then conclude their calligraphy, construction, characteristics, and lettering. According the analysis and comparing with other letterforms, there are three directions to discuss the effects of gothic letters to the development of Western letterforms: （1） its unique and effects, （2） the conflict between function and decoration, （3） from period to cultural. Finally, adding the discussion of cultural causes and the rise of Rome typeface, the relationship between the gothic script and the renaissance typeface design for the future study topics was presented as follows: （1） the development of gothic script books and the rise of printing, （2） the very beginning of typeface used in the North Europe, （3） the South gothic letter and the development of Rome typeface.