日治時期魯凱族與排灣族石板屋建築型態的地域性特色之研究

The Research on the Vernacular Characteristic of the Traditional Slate Houses of Rukai Tribes and Paiwan Tribes during the Japanese Colonial Period

魯凱族與排灣族的石板屋建築曾廣泛分布於台灣南部的低海拔山區，北起高雄市茂林區，南至恆春半島，由於分佈地理範圍相當廣泛，使用者又含括魯凱族、排灣族兩個族群，這一共同的石板構造建築形式在族群拓展的歷史發展中，出現許多地域性的局部形式差異，表現在材料選擇、構造工法、空間語彙上。本文的目的，主要在釐清魯凱族與排灣族石板屋建築形態的共同性原則及地域性變異，並探討維繫共通性及造成變異性的原因。採用的研究方法主要包括定量的相似性指數、集群分析法及定性的族群親緣、社會制度及地理區位關係探討，前者用來區辨共同特徵的相似程度以及各項變異的分群狀況，後者用來解釋地域性差異形成的可能原因。就本文分析結果，石板屋建築在空間形態方面，雖有部落間的元素使用偏好，但整體分群並不明顯；而在構造細節方面，小地理區的地方性差異被凸顯出來，顯示構造技術的地緣性關係超越族群血緣的文化關連性。整體而言，魯凱族與排灣族石板屋概念體現的是對於空間性的固守而非技術性的一層不變，因此地方性特色的表現便主要集中於工藝技術所能呈現的構造細部或戶外元素上，帶有裝飾性意味而不致於影響整體石板屋意象的呈現。維繫石板屋建築表現共同形式意象的最主要因素為社會制度，可能與階層制度的施行有關，而保有血緣關係、族群持續交流與地理區位相鄰近等雖都有助於共同特徵的維持，但卻非必要的條件，反而因為殊異的血緣脈絡與部落發展歷史，及不同的地理區位，讓各地域群的石板屋建築保有小區域形式差異的發展空間，豐富整個魯凱族與排灣族石板屋建築的地方性風貌。

The purpose of this article tries to clarify common principles and vernacular differences of the slate houses style of Rukai Tribes and Paiwan Tribes, and to discuss the reasons of keeping common and transforming. The research methods in this article contain quantitative Closeness lndex, Cluster Analysis and qualitative relation investigation in tribes, social system and geography. This article results that the elements of slate houses were preferred differently by different tribes in spatial types, however it was not obvious in whole clustering. And in construction details, the vernacular differences in small area showed Geo-relation of the construction techniques over the culture relation of tribes. Overall, the concept of slate houses of Rukai Tribes and Paiwan Tribes ware presented from space, but not from constant in technology. Thus, the presentation of vernacular characteristics was focused on the construction details or the outdoor elements. But those were just decorations, did not effected the whole imagery presentation of slate house. Furthermore, the main reason of maintaining the common form imageries is the social system, and it probably related to executing social stratification. Keeping blood relationship, continuing interacting between tribes and near geographical locations are helpful to maintain the common characteristics, but not necessary conditions. Because of these different blood generations, tribes developing histories and different geographical locations, slate houses could developed variety form in small eras so that they enriched the styles and features of slate houses of Rukai Tribes and Paiwan Tribes.