英文摘要 |
This paper will first review existing literatures and empirical results from national statistics on employment transformation, underemployment and gender effects on occupational restructuring. Then, we further examine the relation between unemployment and underemployment by conducting an empirical survey. From the national statistics, we found that the employment structure by industry in Taiwan is more toward the industrial production model that categorizes a high percentage of industrial employment. However, if we examined the employment structure by occupation, then a similarity toward the US model, which characterizes an increasing and high proportion of professional workers was found. From the trends of industrial and occupational structures in Taiwan, we argue that neither the increasing unemployment rates in manufacturing sectors nor the newly cost-disease problem in services, but the phenomenon of underemployment will significantly represent the problem of occupational transformation in Taiwan. A gender effect of underemployment is found in distributive services, women in distributive services suffer more on the income-related inadequate while men reveal a high proportion of educational mismatch. The exploratory study reported the problem of long-term unemployment is an important issue in the unemployed. In particular, female, elder, and less educated respondent show a higher risk of long-term unemployment. More than one third of current employed work changed from manufacture to services. An industrial crowd out effect of aged, less educated and previously manufacturing labors toward low skill and low pay personal service sectors was found. For aged and less educated workers, not only the risk of unemployed is high, even they found the jobs, they were suffered the high propensity of working in the less skill and low pay service sectors. They were more likely to become the reserved army of labor who might become the disposable and cheaper labors. |