德國博物館圖像聯合授權機制bpk之研究

A Study on the Joint Licensing Mechanism (“bpk”) of German Museums

國家數位典藏計畫使典藏機構數位化其館藏，並公開於網路。惟利用人欲同時使用多項典藏成果，須分別向各機構取得授權，耗時且資訊亦不完整。本文以典藏成果中的圖像（即靜態影像）如何建立聯合授權機制為主題，透過研究世界上主要圖像授權市場德國之博物館聯合授權機制－「bpk藝術、文化與歷史圖像經紀人」（bpkBildagenturfürKunst,KulturundGeschichte，簡稱bpk），從其所處之市場環境、發展歷程、組織形式、商業模式，以及所涉及之法律議題，分法律面與營運面來省思我國未來可行的方向。在法律面，德國對照片賦予著作權或鄰接權之完整保護；對公共自由作品，除依法院判決，可從不動產所有權導出對不動產上建物設施圖像的控制權，著作權法並對首次發行或公開傳播未公開著作之人，賦與25年鄰接權。由此，本文對我國物品攝影著作之創作性、製版權以及對公共自由著作授權法律基礎等三項議題，提出修正方向。在營運面，本文建議參考bpk模式，選擇圖像具有市場價值的典藏機構開始發展授權機制，承接國家數位典藏計畫以「數位島嶼」行銷臺灣圖像的市場目標與品牌形象，提供博物館與利用人良好的服務，逐步吸引各典藏機構加入，並附隨建構美術與攝影著作之著作權集體管理組織、授權價格市場調查等二項配套機制。

Since 1998, the Taiwan e-learning and digital archives program (TELDAP) under the National Science Council has enabled museums and archives to provide online public access to their collections through digitization. However, if users want to use multiple digitalized collections at a time, they must seek licensing from each respective archive, which is a time-consuming process without complete information. The topic of this paper is the establishment of a joint licensing mechanism for museums for images (still images). By studying the joint licensing mechanism (bpk Bildagentur für Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte, “bpk”) of museums in a major worldwide images licensing market, Germany, and reviewing its market environment, development stages, organization forms, business models, and legal issues, this paper order to reflect on feasible ways for similar implementation in Taiwan from the aspects of law and business operation. From a legal perspective, Germany provides photographs with the complete safeguard in copyright and neighboring right. For public domain works, the control right for photos of building could be derived from the ownership of the land according to jurisprudence, in addition, the copyright law provides the first publisher or transmitter of a unpublished work with a neighboring right of 25 years. Hence, this paper recommends amendments in three discussion topics in Taiwan, including creativity of photographic works, typographical design right and the legal basis of licensing for public-free works. From a business operation aspect, this paper suggests to emulate the bpk model, hence start developing licensing mechanism from archives containing high market value images. Following TELDAP marketing and brand image of “Exhibition of Cyber Island, Taiwan (ECIT),“ this mechanism shall provide museums and users with excellent services. One by one, each other archives will voluntarily join. The mechanism also establishes a collective management society for artistic and photographic works and a market survey organization of licensing price.