Cohen知覺壓力量表在運動情境內外的應用和研究發展

Application and Research Development of Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale within and beyond Sports Context

壓力存在每個人的生活中，許多人都有壓力的經驗。根據壓力認知交易模式指出，當個體評估環境有威脅或額外的要求，而個體自覺沒有足夠的能力因應此環境需求，就會產生壓力。過去測量壓力的工具（如：生活再適應量表）需耗費大量時間，且問卷的填答需要受試者回憶過去經驗，較不容易施測以及估算計分。為了改善上述的缺點，Cohen、Kamarck與Mermelstein共同發展知覺壓力量表（The Perceived Stress Scale,PSS），目的在於用來評價個人生活情境的壓力程度。該量表便利、簡單，已被發展成多國語言以及許多版本，且具有良好的信、效度。而且相關研究的效標關聯效度的檢驗也發現PSS與焦慮、憂鬱等變項有相關。在運動情境PSS常被使用於教練和運動員的研究。而這些研究結果大部分發現壓力與倦怠、社會支持、健康、憂鬱、焦慮、自尊等變項有關。

Stress exists in everyone's life and many people experience stress. However, what is stress and how to measure it are the essential questions before doing the research. Generally, stress is defined as when the individuals perceived environmental demands are greater than their abilities and unable to handle it, which will cause serious consequences, hence resulting in heighten arousal and perceived threats. Past measures assess stress often consumes lots of time and, lacks reliability and validity. For this reason, Cohen, Kamarck and Mermelstein (1983) developed 'The Perceived Stress Scale' (PSS). The PSS is a 10-item scale, which is much easier and more convenient to measure one's perceived stress, with better validity and reliability. The PSS has been conducted in many domains and populations such as coaches, athletes, students, and patients. Results indicated that perceived stress and burnout, social support, health, depression, anxiety, self-esteem and other variables were all related. This study suggested that we may use PSS in sports contexts not only examine its' factor structure but also correlations with related variables.