我國公益信託法律移植及其本土化－－一種正本清源與直面當下的思考

Research on Public Trust Transplant and Localization - Reform from the Bottom and Facing up to the Present Thinking

我國《信託法》規定的公益信託是英美慈善信託制度在我國的移植。作為一項移植的法律制度，必須正本清源地考察移植對象的本質、法律文本中的法律概念，法解釋學中該制度的構成要件，並且直面當下地思考移植制度與本土資源的關係及本土化問題。將英美法中慈善信託移植為公益信託，是對概念的誤讀，這又導致解釋學上對公益信託的構成要件過分強調其“公眾性”，反而忽略了慈善信託的本質在於其目的的“慈善性”。在我國巳經有公益基金會的情況下，移植慈善信託，應將其作為行為制度來理解和運用，使其能夠規制我國現實存在的社會募捐行為。至於本土化實踐的公益信託金融理財產品，由以營利為宗旨的商事主體實施以社會公益為目的的公益信託，制度宗旨存在衝突，這類本土化形式不應該在我國得到大力鼓吹。故此，應對英美慈善信託進行“有機性移植”，在我國《信託法》中取消公益信託單列一章的體例而在總則中規定：以慈善為目的而設立的信託是慈善信託，慈善信託的信託財產只能用於慈善事業。

The public trust is transplanted from charitable trust in Chinese (trust law). It is necessary to research the essence of public trust, its legal concept, and the components in law hermeneutics. And another necessary research concerns the relation between the transplanted system and local resource in order to push on the localization. It is wrong to transplant the charitable trust into the public law. And It is unsuitable to focus on the 'public' of public trust, however ignoring the 'charitable' aspect. The legislature should use the public trust to regulate the social offering. It is not advisable to advocate the localization of the financial trust products. The public trust should be regulated through general rules in Chinese (trust law), because the charitable trust is the trust whose purpose is charitable and its property should be used by charitable enterprise.