社會取向成就動機與個我取向成就動機不同嗎﹖－－從動機與行為的關係加以探討

IS SOCIAL-ORIENTED ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION (SOAM) DIFFERENT FROM INDIVIDUAL-ORIENTED ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION (IOAM)? Further Discussions of the Relationship between Motivation and Behavior

社會取向成就動機與個我取向成就動機是否為兩種性質不同的心理建構（psychological construct），可以從與之相關連的行為反應加以檢驗與辨識。本研究設計了兩項實驗，以66名大學生為受試者，研究結果獲得下列幾項重要發現。亦即在實驗者提供社會誘因（social incentive）的條件下，（1）高社會取向成就動機者要求他人給予協助，以期順利完成作業的傾向，顯著地比低社會取向成就動機者要來得強。但是個我取向成就動機高低不同者要求他人協助的行為，則無明顯的差異。（2）高社會取向成就動機者之行為持續性（persistence），亦即要求實驗者繼續給予時間與機會，以便將作業完成的傾向，顯著地比低社會取向成就動機者要來得強。然而，個我取向成就動機高低不同者之行為持續性，則無明顯差異。（3）高社會取向成就動機者完成作業的比例，確實比低社會取向成就動機者要來得高；但個我取向成就動機高低不同者完成作業的比例，則無顯著的不同。本研究結果顯示兩點重要意義：第一、成就動機與成就行為之間確切的關係，必須視個人當時所處之情境脈絡的性質而定。第二、外在社會誘因的提供，對個人之社會取向成就動機會產生激發作用，因而使得社會取向成就動機高低不同者之行為表現，具有不同的樣式。然而，外在社會誘因的提供，對個人之個我取向成就動機則未能產生激發作用，因而個我取向成就動機高低不同者之行為表現，並未展現出不同的風格。社會取向成就動機與個我取向成就動機為兩種性質不同的心理建構的說法，本研究結果提供了部份的支持證據。成就動機的性質與測量方法，及其與成就行為之間複雜的關係，也將在文中加以討論。

Are social-oriented achievement motivation (SOAM) and individual-oriented achievement motivation (IOAM) independent psychological constructs that can be empirically verified and differentiated in terms of achievement-related behavior? Based upon a study where two experiments were performed using 66 undergraduates as subjects, this essay reports three findings in each case of which the level of SOAM was significant but the level of IOAM was never significant. First, when the experiment administrator provided social incentives, individuals with high SOAM were significantly more likely than individuals with low SOAM to need and hope for assistance from others in order to complete tasks. Second, when the experiment administrator continued to give more time to complete tasks, persistence was markedly higher for individuals with high levels of SOAM than for those with low levels of SOAM. Third, the ratio of task completion was markedly higher for those with high SOAM than for those with low SOAM. These research findings reflect two important points: (1) The real relationship between achievement motivation and achievement-related behavior depends on the exact nature of the context in which the individual acts. (2) External social incentives tend to stimulate SOAM, causing different types of achievement-related behavior among individuals with varying levels of SOAM. On the other hand, external social incentives are unable to arouse IOAM such that individuals with varying degrees of IOAM do not exhibit different styles of achievement-related behavior. This study, then, provides partial proof that SOAM and IOAM are indeed independent psychological constructs. The nature of Chinese achievement motivation, methodology of its measurement, and their sophisticated interrelationship with achievement-related behavior are also discussed.