臺北市的內部結構－－區位的與歷史的探討

THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF TAIPEI MUNICIPALITY: An Ecological and Historical Analysis

本文係以區位的觀點來瞭解臺北市內部結構與變遷。首先利用民國43、45、50、60、69和70等年度戶口或工商普查資料分析臺北市各行政區產業與人口結構的變化，並引證日據時的材料以資比較。其次則利用民國69年度普查的村里別資料，以臺北市的里為分析單位，進行因素區位分析。在分析中，以日據時期形成的舊核心為討論的起點。以本文的研究策略並無法推論臺北市在發展過程中區位分化性質的轉變，但我們可以明白指出，的確經過某種轉變和發展的過程才形成69年的區位結構。依地區發展階段，臺北市可分成老舊、新興與邊緣地帶。以家庭狀態言，都市外圍逐漸由老年人口比率偏高變為幼年人口比率偏高。商業取向也反映著一種居住類型，大致是越向都市外圍傾向越弱，但仍有著特殊發展的扇面。在社經地位上，雖有著外環的發展，但中環的優勢極其明顯。筆者嚐試從都市核心的政經性質及其後繼的發展，都市居民的居住態度以及高密度住宅類型的擴散等，來理解此一區位結構的形成。

This paper examines the internal structure of Taipei Municipality and its changes from an ecological perspective. Changes in population composition and commercial and industrial activities for the 16 districts are analyzed in terms of population and housing censuses (1956, 1966 and 1980) and industrial and commercial censuses (1954, 1971 and 1981). A factorial ecological analysis is conducted using the 1980 census data of the 780 li (the administrative unit under the district). Since our data are insufficient to allow a factorial ecological analysis for the city in other periods, we can only trace the historical roots of the 1980 ecological pattern based on the findings for the 16 districts. The ecological structure of the municipality can be understood in four dimensions: stage of area development, socio-economic status, family status and commercial activities. The municipality can be differentiated into the old, the newly developing and the peripheral areas, reflecting neighborhood life cycles. Although upper class areas have emerged in certain peripheral zones, the dominant upper class areas are located in the middle zones of certain sectors. The decentralization of the upper class population is not as clear as the western pattern indicates. The data on family status shows that familism gets stronger as we move from the center toward the periphery, a pattern that fits the western model. Nevertheless, this does not reflect a preference for desirable housing types. Rather, it is the result of both the aging of native or first generation residents in the inner and middle zones and the demand of young adults for cheaper housing in the periphery. An analysis of commercial activities shows a mixture of residential and nonresidential activities. The degree of the mixture declines from the center to the periphery. Finally, it is found that the interaction of the upper class residential preference and the newly developing commercial activities results in new central business districts. The author explains the spatial pattern of the four dimensions in terms of the impact of the Japanese colonial heritage, the political structure and economic development after 1945, residential preference and the expansion of high density housing.