臺灣與南韓的發展策略和階級轉型：成因與後果

Development Strategies and Class Transformation in Taiwan and South Korea:Origins and Consequences

本文主旨在於探討戰後臺灣與南韓的國家發展策略與社會階級結構轉型之間的辯證關係。雖然發展策略可被視為影響社會經濟關係變遷的‘獨立變項’，但就長期歷史的角度來看，被前一時期策略塑形了的階級結構很有可能在下一時期，反過來產生左右國家發展策略方向的力量。本文分析過去四十年來政府策略如何改造了臺灣與南韓的社會階級形態，並試探討論不同的新生結構成份又將對未來的‘政府－階級’關係有如何的衝擊。臺灣與南韓在戰後的發展策略，主要可劃分成為兩個歷史階段：一是土地改革政策，一是土改後的工業化政策。後者又可釐出兩個不同取向的策略，一是‘進口替代工業化’（ISI）策略，一是‘出口導向工業化’（EOI）策略。本文分別從歷史與結構的架構，比較臺灣與南韓的階級轉變。舊地主階級的衰退，新的小農階級的興起是土改政策所導致的最明顯結果。連續兩個資本主義工業化策略的影響下，小農階級又被新興的都市勞工階級和中產階級所取代。工業化的另一結構性後果則是工業資本家階級的形成。本文除了探究這兩個社會在結構轉型上的‘共同性格’外，更進一步從政府的發展策略在執行上的差異，分析了它們在階級結構塑造過程中產生的‘相異性格’。結構轉型一旦形成了，也會反過來對原有的‘政府－階級’關係產生了新的衝擊，本文在結論中應分別探討了在臺灣與南韓，這種新生的關係又將會對政府未來的發展策略有怎麼樣可能的影響。

This paper explores the dialectic relationships between state development strategies and class transformation in two of the East Asian NICs：Taiwan and South Korea, during the whole post-war period. Development strategies are conceptualized as observable state actions that could have consequences in shaping and structuring social and economic relations in the domestic arena. From a historical viewpoint, class transformation can be seen as a 'dependent variable' of the previous development strategies, but it also can serve as an 'independent variable' in having repercussions on the state strategies at the later development phase. Such dialectic dynamics between state strategies for national development and the changes in class formations is the central theme of this paper. Two very important historical stages of state development strategies are delineated in Taiwan and South Korea after the war. Land reform policy was the main strategy immediately after the war, as it was directly addressed to the political problems in relations to the land tenure system, and it had a far-reaching impact on transforming the agrarian class structures. It created the new small landowner class and aggressively diminished the old landlord class. The post-land-reform state strategies were primarily aimed to industrialization, in two distinctive yet related phases, i. e., 'import-substitution industrialization' (ISI) and 'export-oriented industrialization' (EOI) subsequently, and that again drastically shaped the urban-industrial class structures in the two societies. The state industrialization strategies have had produced the industrial capitalists, the working class, and the middle classes, on the one hand, and further dislocated the small landowner class, on the other. After examining the processes of the diminishing of the old classes and the emergence of the new ones, this paper then analyzes some of the crucial implications of such class changes for the state-class relations and the future development strategies the two states might be inclined to take. It concludes that whatever the states in both Taiwan and South Korea decide to take for national development in the future have to deal with the new class situations in a more serious and more delicate manner.