「社會化」的衝突性：理論與實際

A CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIALIZATION: THEORY AND SOME EMPIRICAL FINDINGS

在社會學理論的研究裏，有關社會化的研究幾乎必然都要對個人及社會的本質有所設定。因此功能學派，象徵互動學派，現象學派對於“社會化”這個概念各有不同的解釋。但是他們都有一個共通的問題：也就是對於社會結構中的權力與衝突，個人互動情境中的相互折衝，以及前者對後者的影響，缺少比較完整的探討。至於社會學理論中的衝突學說，又大多偏重歷史與結構的分析，它們雖然提供一個有關衝突討論之基礎，但是並不著重於個人的社會化，或是社會互動的過程。本文的主要目的，則在特別著重結構衝突，個人社會化衝突以及二者的關係。Collins的衝突社會學，主張社會化是一種對主觀定義的操縱過程。在這個過程中雙方會因為對操縱權的爭奪而發生衝突。作者將Collins的立場引申到傳統的（一）次文化的偏差行為研究以及（二）標記理論的研究取向，使二者因為考慮社會中優勢一劣勢的支配關係而有更豐富的詮釋。為了使Collins的衝突理論對社會化的概念有更進一步的貢獻，作者引用各個現成的中外研究資料，加以歸納說明，得到五點結論。其重點在強調個人社會化情境中的相互折衝，以及結構中的生命機會對個人折衝權力的相互影響。這個觀點對社會學理論的涵義是：惟有同時考慮客觀實體與主觀意義以及他們之間的互動關係，社會學理論才有更進步的可能。

Sociological theories concerning socialization always presuppose the nature of individual and that of society. Each of the schools, functionalism, symbolic interactinism, and phenomenology, differs in interpreting and using the term socialization. And yet they all share a common difficulty in explaining the interrelationships between power, conflict, which exist in structural relations, and the negotiation processes which take place in situational interaction. Although conflict theories have already provided new orientation for understanding power and coercion, their substantive analyses have been largely historical and structural, and have paid limited attention to interaction and socialization process. The main purpose of this paper is thus to amend this deficiency. Collins' synthesis on conflict sociology maintains that socialization is a process of manipulating the subjective world of others; and that conflicts are prone to occur for struggling for manipulation. The author stresses this notion and appliesit to traditional (1) subculture studies on deviance and (2) labeling perspective. They could be benefited from incorporating the domination-subordination explanation regarding social structure and situational interaction. Based on Collins' notion, the author draws on many empirical researches and concludes with five statements regarding the conflict nature of socialization. The main point the paper intends to stress is that socialization is a continuing negotiation process. It should be looked at with reference to larger structural constraints, especially individual life chances. The theoretical implication of this paper is that only when sociologists begin to veiw objective reality and their subjective meanings simultaneouly, and to consider their interactions systematically, could sociology be really advanced.