社會變遷與宗教皈依：一個象徵人類學理論模型的建立

SOCIAL CHANGE AND RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT：A SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEW

本論文係以象徵人類學之理論架構，企圖用以分析在社會變遷過程中，臺灣地區所出現之特殊宗教儀式，基本架構是以群（group）及格（grid）的強弱趨向為縱橫兩軸，而形成四個象限：A象限：屬群體約束力強，個人角色規範嚴的情況，其宗教行為趨於儀式化，因而產生如一貫道、恩主公崇拜、軒轅教等回歸本位的教派。B象限：屬群強而個人角色規範鬆的情況，其宗教行為趨向於滌除境界內部不潔，故有神媒童乩、鄉黨地域祭儀等所謂“社會衛生學”（social hygiene）儀式的盛行。C象限：屬群弱格強的情況，其宗教行為趨於救世主形態，故有統一教、愛的家庭、守望臺、新約教會等天國復臨教派之出現。D象限：屬群格均弱社會，宗教行為趨向反儀式主義，而有集體入乩、真耶穌教會、教會聚會所等教派之出現。

Basing on British social anthropologist Mary Douglas' 'group-grid' analystic scheme, this paper intends to investigate some special religious cult movements which occurred from time to time during the past thirty years in Taiwan. According to strong-weak tendency of both 'group' and 'grid', there forms a quadrant scheme. It is predicted that:(1) Under quadrant A, both group and grid are strong, they tend to have revival ritualistic cults, such as 'I-kuan-tao','Yen-chu-kung worship complex' and 'Shuan-yuan Chiao'. (2) Under quadrant B, with strong group but weak grid, they tend to have purgatory or social hygiene cults, such as 'Individual shaman' and 'Compatriot-territorial cult'.(3) Under quadrant C, with weak group but strong grid, they tend to have millennial cults, such as Unification Church, Children of God, Johooa's Witnesses, New Testament Church. (4) Under quadrant D, both group and grid are weak, they tend to have individualistic or anti-ritualistic cults, such as 'group shaman','Assembly Hall Church' and True Jesus Church'.