中國古代與印度太平兩洋的戈船考

THE CONTINUATION OF THE FAMILY LINE AMONG THE TAROMAK RUKAI

作者於民國四十五年春，在本刊第一期發表臺灣的航海帆筏及其起源一文，在前文的引言中有云：我個人覺得凡我研究亞美兩洲文化關係的同道，應先有多人來研究古代亞洲沿岸的航海問題，如能證明在紀元之前，亞洲人確已利用桴栰、戈船、方舟與樓船在海洋上航行，則整個太平洋成為亞、美、海洋三洲處處可通的大路，如此或可使現持反對意見者，不得不承認我們的理論。因此作者根據中國資料，擬寫臺灣的航海帆筏及其起源和紀元前中國戈船、方舟與樓船的航海考兩文，本篇是前者，意在拋磚引玉，希望海內外之人類學專家，有多人來從事於此項研究。一瞬已十二年過去了！在這十多年中，雖引起了不少對於太平洋上航行問題的討論，但對亞洲中國沿海航行的研究，祇有包遵彭氏的漢代樓船考一文而已。但包氏之文是歷史的研究，很少取材民族學的資料，不能解釋太平和印度兩洋數不清的島嶼民族的分佈。我們知道在南半球西起非洲東岸，經印度與太平兩洋，東抵南美西岸，幾為同一南島語系（Austronesian）民族所散居。這南島語系民族原先住在華東河川下游及濱海沿岸地區。在西元前三十三世紀伏羲氏又稱太昊（Taaroa）時代發明了桴栰，開始向海洋移殖，到了黃帝時代（西元前2697年）又發明舟楫，殷商時代（1783-1135 B.C.）雙邊架艇已成為主要水運工具，我們在甲骨文字中找到很多的證據。周代始有方舟的記載，春秋戰國越人已用樓船，秦漢時樓船成為主要航海工具矣。本文原來擬題中國古代戈船、方舟、樓船考，後因篇幅過長，插圖和圖版又多， 且有關戈船的材料不少，故先成中國古代與印度太平兩洋的戈船考，至於方舟與樓船考將另文發表。寫作本文時，承宋龍飛、鄭格兩先生之助甚多，特此致謝。

In the‘Introduction’of my early paper titled 'Formosan Sea-going Raft and Its Origin in Ancient China,' which was published in the first edition of this Bulletin in the spring of 1956, I made a statement as follows:.... It is his hope that more students of ethnology will give more attention to the ancient maritime activities along coastal Asia. Should it be proved that the Asians did sail into the ocean by rafts, outrigger canoes, double canoes, or deck canoes before Christ, the Pacific was then no barrier to the communications between Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. Then, those who have so far held contrary opinions to our theory of the trans-Pacific cultural contact may possibly no longer have any other choice but to accept our views. Basing his views mainly on Chinese data, the author attempts to deal with the following two topics, 'The Sea-going Raft in Present-Day Formosa and Its Origin in Ancient China, and the Outrigger Canoe, Double Canoe and Deck Canoe in Ancient China before Christ'. The former paper is now completed and published herein under the present title, aiming mainly at eliciting more efforts from anthropologists, both at home and abroad, to the study of this subject.'(Ling, 1956:2) During the lapse of 12 years since the first appearance of that paper, many discussions have been brought forth over problems on the seafaring activities in the ancient Pacific. Most of these discussions were based on materials from Oceania, whereas the' Study of the Lou Chuan of Han Time' (Pao, 1966: 15-52) was the only paper completed with respect to the sea-faring situation in ancient China.