法國終身教育體制的建構及其特色

Lifelong Education System in France: Its Patterns and Functions

法國的終身教育在整個歐洲地區來說，是體系相當完備而頗具規模的國家。它的建構較傾向於一種終身工作能力和技能發展的制度化體系；對於休閒與趣味性的生活文化與道德心靈的培養則較傾向非正式與非系統化的教育活動。另一方面，企業與教育訓練機構皆致力於工作與教育的連結，使個人可以在教育與工作場所間互轉，形成一個完整性、持續性與銜接性的教育與訓練體系。換言之，法國建構終身教育體制的過程中，在對象上很重視從初離學校或剛完成義務教育的年輕人、具有實務經驗的在職員工，以及希望轉業改行的成人，或是充實生活內涵，願意接受一般陶冶教育的成人。雖然修習文憑與證書為其主流，但也兼顧其他各種短期專業或文化陶冶課程的提供，在課程內容上，可說是呈現多采多姿的現象。基於終身教育體制的建構不是一朝一夕形成，而是要有紮實的教育制度為其基礎之認知，筆者為使全文的內容能達到前後連貫的目的，首先概述教育行政組織及各級教育制度與現況，針對國內在這方面現有的論著，做些資料的更新與補充；其次，分述終身教育體系建構的模式與領域，以了解其體系的內涵及職業訓練與專業進修的相關措施；然後再及於終身教育的進修方式與主要機構；最後，綜合上述終身教育體系建構的經驗與措施，提出可供國內借鏡的特色。

French lifelong education is one of the most integrated systems among those in its European counterparts. Its constructive framework based mostly upon the assurance of educational opportunities for on-the-job workers as well as liberal arts activities for the general public with a view to upgrade the humanity and social morality. In addition, French system is characterized by its coherence and continuum between enterprises and educational institutions that facilitate the transferal and interflow between working population and students. In recognition of the importance of a national education system on which a lifelong education structure founded, this article overviews firstly French hierarchical administration system, general education system and technical professional education system, then, followed by a critical analysis of lifelong education models and covering areas, in order to present comprehensively the content and related measures of the on-the-job and pre-service training. Finally, this article pinpoints the different categories of continuing education in French through an enumeration of their programs and main institutions with some conclusive remarks on what and how we can benefit from French practical experiences on adult and continuing education.