Intrapsychological Force-Dynamic Interaction: Verbs of Refraining in Hakka

從內心層次動力的互動檢視客語「忍」類動詞

本文運用Talmy （2000）之動力架構，分析客語「忍」類動詞在內心層次之動力互動，主要探討兩個課題：客語「忍」類動詞力的展現，及「力」的語意內涵與句法結構之對應關係。本文有三個結論：首先，內心層次有兩種力學類型，一為ONSET CAUSATIOIN類型（阻擋之力量大於慾望之力量），另一為ONSET DESPITE類型（阻擋之力量小於慾望之力量）。此外，客語「忍」類動詞可分為生理壓抑及心理壓抑兩類。最後，「力」的語意內涵與「忍」類動詞句法行為表現之對應則由能否形式、動詞重疊結構、時間副詞、評量副詞、及結果補語等予以呈現。本研究從內心層次動力的互動出發，一方面修飾及補充了Talmy （2000）的理論架構，一方面為客語「忍」類動詞提出完整縝密之分析。

In order to explore intrapsychological force-dynamic interaction, this study, adopting Talmy's (2000a) force-dynamic framework, examines (i) how force is manifested in verbs of refraining in Hakka, and (ii) the correlation between the semantic content FORCE and the syntactic manifestation. From examinations of these verbs, three general points become clear. First, two major force-dynamic patterns are involved in the intrapsychological domain, an ONSET CAUSATION pattern (force of refraining in the blocking part > force of resistance in the desiring part), and an ONSET DESPITE pattern (force of refraining in the blocking part < force of resistance in the desiring part). Furthermore, in the intrapsychological domain, verbs of refraining can be divided into physical suppression and psychological repression. Finally, the correlation between the semantic component FORCE and its syntactic manifestation is demonstrated by the potential mode, verb-copying constructions and also adverbs of duration, evaluation and judgment, and the resultative complements. In adopting these verbs to study the intrapsychological force-dynamic interaction, this study modifies Talmy's framework and also provides a fine-grained analysis for verbs of refraining in Hakka.