台灣四大加工出口區總要素生產力成長之來源與因素分析

The Sources and Determinants of Total Factor Productivity Growth in Export Processing Zone: Evidence from Top Four Zones in Taiwan

本文結合Malmquist指數法與視窗分析法，探討在2002－2013年期間台灣四大加工出口區總要素生產力成長的來源，並分析其影響因素。研究結果有五項發現：第一，各園區中，只有台中園區的總要素生產力具有正成長，其他三個園區則呈現負成長現象。第二、台中園區的總要素生產力的成長來源，主要來自效率的成長；高雄園區衰退原因來自技術面；楠梓與中港園區的衰退原因則來自效率面。第三、人力資本與外人直接投資兩項因素對總要素生產力成長均具有顯著的正面因素，其中以人力資本之效果較大。第四、對效率變動具顯著正面效果的影響因素，依序分為人力資本、外人直接投資與廠商的群聚效應。第五、對技術變動顯著正面效果的影響因素，則依序為外人直接投資、人力資本與出口。上述結果，顯示了兩項經濟涵義：第一、對台中園區與高雄園區而言，應朝加強技術的提升著手以改善總要素生產力；而對楠梓與中港園區而言，則應著重於經營效率的提升以改善總要素生產力。第二、欲提升技術移應由改善人力資本、增加外人直接投資與擴展外銷著手；而欲提升經營效率則除了改善人力資本與增加外人直接投資外，擴大廠商的群聚效應亦為重要策略。

This paper employs Malmquist Index and window analysis to explore the sources and determinants of total factor productivity growth of top four export processing zones during 2002-2013 in Taiwan. Five findings from the results are the following. First, only total factor productivity growth of Taichung Park is positive, the other three parks are showing negative growth phenomenon. Second, the source of total factor productivity growth of Taichung Park is mainly from the growth of efficiency; the reason for Kaohsiung park is technical recession; reasons behind the decline in Chungkong Park and Nantsu Park is comes from efficiency distortion. Third, both of human capital and foreign direct investment are main two factors for the growth of total factor productivity and have significant positive impacts. Fourth, the relative impact factors on the efficiency changes with significant positive effects are human capital, foreign direct investment and the firms clustering effect respectively. Finally, the significantly positive impact factors on technological change are direct investment, human capital and exports. The above results showing the following implications. First, for Taichung and Kaohsiung Park, they should proceed towards upgrading the technology to improve total factor productivity; however, for Nantsu and Chungkong Park, they should focus on improving efficiency in order to enhancing total factor productivity. Second, to enhance the technology, it is necessary to improving human capital and to increasing foreign direct investment and to expand export. On the other hand, besides improving the human capital and increase foreign direct investment to enhance operational efficiency, expansion of the firms clustering is also another important strategy.