Structure and Process in the Development of Political Thought in Late Ch'ing China 1842-1911

From1842, with increasing contact between China and the outside World came the introduction of modern knowledge from the West and this had, directly or indirectly, a profound effect on Chinese thought and institutions. Before the 1911 Revolution, Chinese thought and its expression had not completely shaken off traditional restraints and the under Standing of new ideas was neither adequate nor Sufficiently widespread, yet during this period, apart from the problem of culture as a whole, practically all the new trends in subsequent periods had been posed in Some incipient form or other by the intellectuals of the time.