聯合國安理會決議在歐盟中之效力與執行

The Effect and the Implementation of UN Security Council's Resolutions in the EU Legal Order

根據聯合國憲章第二十五條，會員國應履行安理會決議之義務。歐盟會員國由於其同時具聯合國會員之身分，所以也應遵守安理會之決議。由於歐盟不是國家而是國際組織，所以歐盟不是，也不可能是聯合國之會員。如安理會作成決議，對於第三國為經濟制裁，則將產生一棘手之問題：由於經濟制裁之權限已經移轉給不受安理會決議拘束之歐盟，因此歐盟會員國如何履行該聯合國制裁之決議？歐盟會員國很顯然並不會由於權限移轉給歐盟，就因此使會員國擺脫聯合國決議之義務，因此會員國將為歐盟機關之行為，負擔聯合國法上之完全責任。為了克服歐盟與會員國之間內部之權限劃分，因此實務發展出結合第一支柱與第二支柱之複雜之解決辦法。本文分析此種歐盟實務之發展，並討論下述之問題：歐盟如何將安理會之決議轉型為歐盟法？安理會之決議，於歐盟中之內部效力為何？歐洲法院有權限去決定安理會決議在歐盟法秩序中之效力嗎？安理會之決議可以成為被歐洲法院審查之客體嗎？這些問題之解答可以以Kadi案之判決來說明。在這個案子中歐洲法院主張其有管轄權來決定這些相關之歐盟法爭議問題。

According to Article 25 of the UN Charter, member states of the United Nations are supposed to carry out the resolutions of the UN Security Council. The member states of the EU are therefore obliged to follow these resolutions, because all of them are also the member states of the UN. It is well known that the EU is not and cannot be a member of the UN simply because the EU is an international organization rather than a state. When the Security Council of UN makes a resolution and enacts economic sanctions against a third state, it will cause serious Problems, such as how could the member states of the EU implement the UN sanctions when the competence to it is taken over by EU which is not bound by the resolution. It is obvious that the member states of the EU should take on full responsibility under the UN law for the conduct of the EU institutions because the transfer of competences to EU does not exempt the member States from their responsibility under the UN resolutions. In order to overcome the internal division of competences the EU and the member states developed the complicated practices which combine the first pillar with the second. The Article will analyze the development of these practices and discuss the following questions: How does the EU transform the resolutions of the UN Security Council into Union law? What does the internal effect of the resolutions look like in the EU? Could the ECJ have the competence to decide the effect of resolutions of the UN Security Council in the EU legal order? Can the decision of the UN Security Council be subject to judicial review by the ECJ? The possible solutions of these questions can best be illustrated with reference to the Kadi case. In this case the ECJ claimed its jurisdiction to decide disputes concerning the EU legal order.