幼兒自主認知之初探

Analysis of Agentive Perception to the Day Care Center Situation

Piaget曾提出順應理論來說明幼兒與環境互動時的同化或調適的反應。順應—同化的反應是指兒童會在既有的認知基模中增加新資訊；順應—調適的反應則指兒童會改變既有觀點來適應新訊息。Vygotsky認為兒童與環境互動時會企圖改變環境，而提出agency的觀點。Reunamo以Piaget與Vygotsky的觀點為基礎，提出幼兒與環境互動的四種反應類型：順應—同化、順應—調適、自主—同化、自主—調適等。本研究以Reunamo所提之觀點，訪談臺芬兩國1,064位3至6歲的幼兒，在16個假設情境下，他們的做法為何？幼兒的回答依Reunamo所提的四個類別進行歸類。結果顯示：幼兒最常出現自主—調適的反應，即嘗試改變環境也調整自己；出現次多的反應是順應—調適，即不企圖改變環境，而是調整自己的想法來適應環境。這兩類反應皆隨年齡成長而增加。自主—同化的觀點以及順應—同化的觀點為數較少，且皆隨年齡成長而減少。

According Piaget’s adaptive theory of cognitive development in response to the environment, the child adds new information to his original conception by not changing his viewpoint. But to the stage of adaptiveaccommodative response, the child changes his original viewpoint by accommodating new information. Vygotsky interpreted such a change as the development of the dimension of agency which is understood as the one making change. Based on Piaget’s and Vygotsky, Reunamo worked out four categories of responses: as adaptive-assimilation, adaptiveaccommodation, agentive-assimilation, agentive-accommodation. Using Reunamo’s 4 categories, this project interviewed 1,064 children, aged from 3 to 6, to explore how they respond to 16 hypothetical situations. The results are as follows: First, the most responses were agentiveaccommodation. That means the children themselves try to change the environment, and change themselves in the process. Second, the next most visible category is adaptive-accommodation. In this category, the children do not try to change the environment but change themselves to accommodate to the situation. These two categories responses are increasing with ages. The less responses are agentive-assimilation and adaptive-assimilation which are decreasing with age.