臺灣本土黑豬產業在南部六堆地區的傳承與發展

Legacies and Development of Taiwan Indigenous Black Pig Industry in Liouduei Area in South Taiwan

日據時期的產業調查指出，臺灣在地的桃園種豬和美濃種豬為早年廣東省系移民由嘉應州攜來；客家人自中國移居臺灣時，也將屬於中國系家豬（Sus scrofa domestica）種豬、養豬技術、產業結構一併帶入，在桃園和美濃一帶養殖、生產，逐步擴展，成為臺灣在地豬種。然自1897年以後，引進外來種豬與雜交肉豬的高經濟效益誘因，至戰後企業化養豬經營模式的興起，皆造成臺灣在地豬種的飼養頭數逐年銳減，甚至受到外來基因的滲入。1984年自桃園龍潭和中壢等客家聚落收集的桃園豬，被保種在臺灣省畜產試驗所（即今行政院農業委員會畜產試驗所），美濃豬和頂双溪豬則在1952年被認為遭外來種基因滲入而排除在保種族群外。直到2007年，國立臺灣大學在屏東縣六堆聚落（主要為內埔、竹田鄉）發現該地區飼養的本土黑豬（飼主主要為客家人），具有與桃園豬不同特徵的粒線體DNA序列；另分析微衛星DNA多態性（microsatellite polymorphism），也發現與桃園豬有顯著遺傳分化的現象後，猜測是這些黑豬從中國來到臺灣後，因島嶼區隔，加上隔離飼養，在小族群的配種制度下，逐漸分化成具有臺灣本土特色的豬種。

According to industrial surveys conducted in early Japanese colonial era, domestic swine strains of Taoyuan and Meinong in Taiwan were first introduced from the Jiaying region by immigrants of Cantonese origin. Later, the Hakka population also migrated from mainland China to Taiwan, and brought along with them another strain of Chinese swine (Sus scrofa domestica), breeding techniques, and business model of animal husbandry. Consequently, swine husbandry developed in and expanded from Taoyuan and Meinong, and the swine reared in these areas became the indigenous breed of Taiwan. However, beginning from 1897, high economic benefits promised by imported foreign strains and interbreeding as well as the adoption of industrialized swine husbandry had led to marked decrease in the domestic strain over the years and gene introgression.