清代臺灣邊區社會秩序之考察：以濁水溪、烏溪中游之「亢五租」為中心

Reconsidering Social Order in Border Region of Qing Taiwan: Study of 'Kang Wu Zu' at Midsteam Zhuo Shui & Wu Rivers

相較於北臺盛行隘、屯的武力開墾活動，及南臺灣透過安撫番租形成的土地關係，清代進入臺灣中部界外的新移民，雖有部分聚落出現圍以莿竹的防禦工事，仍少存在隘、屯的武力開墾組織。本文主要利用清代史料（古文書、方志與古地圖等）、日治時期臺灣總督府檔案及相關調查、口述訪談資料（集體記憶）等，針對濁水溪、烏溪中游的漢人、熟番移墾活動，及其與當地居民的互動，特別是以「亢五租」為主形成的社會關係進行分析，從而整體考察邊區（the border region）社會秩序（social order）。所謂「社會秩序」，指為了維持該社會「正常運作」的社會結構、公權力與社會習俗等，本文側重社會習俗，並及於公權力的討論。本文指出漢人、熟番先後進入濁水溪、烏溪中游邊區社會，主要以「亢五租」與社番交換土地；部分地區以隘墾方式進行。隨著新移民勢力的擴大，雖有官治組織進入，卻不敷所需。因此新社會秩序的維持，除了「亢五租」外，有賴具「防番」功能的慚愧祖師信仰（慰藉民心）。本文不僅釐清向來被民間誤解為酬謝水社、官方與學者視為「番大租」的「亢五租」之由來與性質（安撫番租），也大致勾勒出水沙連六社生活領域的變遷圖像，有助於理解清代臺灣西部平原山麓地帶邊區生活風貌與社會秩序，並作為未來筆者整體比較臺灣中、北部與南部山麓地帶邊區社會特色的基礎。

By examining ancient literature, gazetteers, land contracts, related survey data and oral history (collective memories), this study discusses the social order of the geographically remote border region in Qing Taiwan, with special emphasis on the social customs and public authority of this region being distant from government rule. Moreover, it examines how the self-autonomous immigrants negotiated with the local shiu-sha-lian aborigines to establish their new living space, with analysis on the social relationships thus formed. Thanks to the system of 'kang wu zu', the immigrant-aboriginal relationship had remained stable and peaceful. Nevertheless, Han immigrants felt threatened by the head-hunting culture of local ethnic groups, and sought protection from divine power, thus fostering the devout worship of the god Can Kui Zu Shi. This paper contains two main findings. First, it sheds light on the nature of 'kang wu zu' by challenging the prevailing conception that it was synonymous with 'fan ta tsu', which referred essentially to the land rental relationship between Han immigrants and the natives. Rather, it highlights that 'kang wu zu' in fact had a much broader connotation. Second, it reveals changes in the living space of shui-sha-lian aborigines under Qing rule, which can serve as the basis for further research into daily life characteristics and social order in the border regions of Qing Taiwan.