清代臺灣的番屯制度與墾莊建構：以竹塹地區的九芎林莊為例

Aborigine Military Colony System and Establishment of Villages in Qing Taiwan: A Case Study of Jiuqionglin Village in Zhuqian Area

本文以清代竹塹地區的九芎林莊為例，試圖說明乾隆55年（1790）臺灣實施番屯制度以後，歸屯地區如何在番屯制度架構底下形成新墾莊。過去對於番屯制度的研究成果雖然相當豐富，但普遍側重族群關係的探討，較少涉及番屯制度對地方開墾史的影響，因此本文透過九芎林莊的個案研究，進一步探討番屯制度施行後的土地開發及其歷史意涵。透過九芎林莊的個案研究，可以發現番屯制度實施以後，地方社會的人們藉由彌補屯租、調降租率等方式，不斷將周遭墾地整合為九芎林莊的屯地，逐步擴張其拓墾範圍。例如，九芎林莊在歸屯以後，便由佃首續墾界外餘埔並奏請變更屯租租率，逐漸向外擴張形成一個新的墾莊範圍。不僅如此，歸屯地區的墾莊範圍，基本上也與番屯制度實際運作方式有關。九芎林莊及其東側的中興莊（猴洞），儘管在開發過程有其連續性脈絡，卻分別建構成為兩個墾莊社會，原因即是兩個墾莊的番屯制度運作方式不同。九芎林莊係由佃首招佃開墾，徵收屯租；中興莊則是由墾戶開發後，另貼定額屯租給麻薯舊社。換言之，番屯制度進入地方社會的過程，其實是地方官府與屯佃之間對於番屯制度運作的協調，才建構出所謂的屯埔，並在番屯制度運作的基礎上，重新發展出墾莊社會的樣貌。

Using the case of Jiuqionglin village in Zhuqian area, this paper illustrates how new villages were established under the aborigine military colony system of Qing Taiwan in 1790. While previous studies on aborigine military colony system are abundant, their focus has been mainly on ethnic relationships and little has been said on the effects of aborigine military colony system on land reclamation. To fill in such gap, this study explores the process of land development and the historical significance of aborigine military colony system with a case study of Jiuqionglin village. It was found that following the implementation of the aborigine military colony system, the local government tried to integrate the farmlands surrounding Jiuqionglin under the military colony by subsidizing or lowering land rents. The scale of land reclamation was gradually extended. For example, after Jiuqionglin became a village established under the aborigine military colony, the chief tenant farmer continued to reclaim lands beyond the aboriginal frontier and petitioned to the local government for land rent alterations. In this way, new villages were set up one by one under the aborigine military colony system. Moreover, the establishment of villages was closely related to the actual operation of the aborigine military colony system. For instance, though the development of Chunghsing village (Houdong) followed that of Jiuqionglin village, they were two distinct village societies due to different operations of their respective aborigine military colony system. Jiuqionglin village was reclaimed and managed by the chief tenant farmer who recruited other tenant farmers to rent and cultivate the farmland. In contrast, the farmland of Chunghsing village was cultivated by the farmer-soldiers who were required to pay land rent regularly to Ma-shu-Jiou-She. In other words, the aborigine military colony system was brought into the local society through the negotiation between the government authority and tenant farmers, which then gave rise to villages. With differences in operation of the aborigine military colony system, the villages established showed variations in features and administration styles.