「消失」的族群？南臺灣屏東地區廣東福佬人的身分與認同

Had They Disappeared? The Identity of Guangdong Hoklo People in Pingtung Plain of Southern Taiwan

在臺灣的族群歷史上，來自廣東省潮州市、揭陽市及汕尾市（清代屬潮州府、惠州府管轄）等地講福佬話的群體，往往隱而不彰，甚至被視為是「消失」了的群體。然而，如果把眼光投向臺灣南部的屏東平原地區，便會發現歷史上這一群體身分的曖昧性：清代以降，他們便常與語言相近的閩南移民群體結成聯盟，而與語言不通的客家人對立；不過面對客家人強勢的六堆軍事聯盟的壓力，「粵人」的身分也成為他們拉近與六堆關係的標籤。在文化符號上，廣東福佬人與客家人則存在不少交叉地帶，韓文公和三山國王信仰便是最集中的體現，但二者背後體現的屏東不同語言群體的關係，卻截然不同。日治時期至戰後人群分類的變化，也將這一群體放置在兩大族群的框架之下。近年客家運動興起的背景下，此一群體特殊的族群認同亦有萌生之勢。透過探討屏東沿山地區潮語群體身分認同的演變，本文希望進一步釐清清代至當代臺灣族群身分建構背後的機制，和國家對不同語言群體身分塑造的深刻影響。

This paper discusses the reason why the Guangdong Hoklo-speaking people,originated from Chaozhou and Huizhou prefectures in southeast Guangdong province, were thought to 'have disappeared' in the history of Taiwan. Tracing the presence of Guangdong Hoklos in today's Pingtung Plain of southern Taiwan reveals the transformation in their assertion of self-identity. Such transformation can be attributed to the changes in ethnic group classification approach by the sovereign state. Under Qing rule, people were classified on the basis of their native place while the Japanese colonial government distinguished ethnic groups according to the language they spoke. Furthermore, the relationships between Guangdong Hoklos and other ethnic groups were ambiguous. At times, they allied with the Minnan migrants against the Hakka group while in fact they shared similar cultures with the Hakkas, such as the worship of Han Yu and the cult of the Three Mountain Kings, both of which are taken as unique Hakka religious beliefs in Taiwan. Through investigating the categorization and identity of the Guangdong Hoklos in Pingtung Plain, the author argues that the mechanism of ethnic creation in Taiwan and how the State treated these three different ethnic groups had contributed to bringing about the impression of their 'disappearance'.