在「滿洲國」的臺灣人高等官：以大同學院的畢業生為例

Taiwanese Senior Officials in Manchukuo: The Case of Graduates from Tatung Academy

「滿洲國」是日本於1932年在中國東北泡製的傀儡政權，前後共14年。由於臺灣知識分子，在臺出路不好，又受差別待遇，而一個新興國家建立，需要各種人才；再加上滿洲國待遇好，且無歧視問題，因此成為大學甫畢業者嚮往的工作地域。大同學院創立於1932年7月，是養成中間官吏的訓練所，透過考試錄取人才，加以6個月到1年的訓練，即可躋身高等官之列，是成為滿洲國官員的終南捷徑。1938年發布「文官令」，高等考試及格者仍須入大同學院受訓，可見大同學院的重要性。臺灣當時是日本帝國的一部分，臺灣人既通曉日文，漢文能力又比日本人強，學北京話也快，故臺灣人才也是被延攬的對象。最先考上的是畢業自臺北帝大的陳錫卿、黃清塗及1名在臺日人，以後一直到1945年，臺灣人在大同學院受訓練的共有29人，大半取得高等官的資格，以行政官為多、司法官其次，技術官、教官較少。戰後除了1名亡故，2人留在東北外，都回到臺灣，雖然政府不承認他們公務員的資格和年資，但憑著「滿洲經驗」和實力，仍在戰後的臺灣有其一席之地。由於過去學界，僅重視在重慶臺人的抗日組織，以致這批政治不正確的菁英，遮掩其在「偽滿」的經驗；加上史料相對較少，一向較少受到關注與研究。本文利用《滿洲國政府公報》、〈居住長春臺灣省民名簿〉、《大同学院同窓会名簿》（1942、1998）及《日治時期在「滿洲」的臺灣人》等相關史料，先探討大同學院的設置、滿洲國文官令頒布後，大同學院角色的轉換，並介紹大同學院畢業的臺灣人，其到滿洲國的原因，及其經歷與戰後回臺的肆應，以見證這段臺灣人中較為特殊的經驗。

Established in 1932, Tatung Academy(大同學院) was like a training institute for officials of the puppet government 'Manchukuo'(「滿洲國」). Only those who passed the national examination for senior civil servants, as stipulated by the 1938 Decree for Civil Servants(文官令), could enrolled into Tatung Academy. The training period ranged from 6 to 12 months, followed by a year of internship. Tatung Academy offered great attraction to Taiwanese during the Japanese colonial era. First, career opportunities in the colonial government were scarcely available for local Taiwanese who suffered unfavorable treatment. On the contrary, Manchukuo as an 'emerging state' was in desperate need of talents with jobs that promised high salaries. In its first phase of establishment, Tatung Academy recruited mainly Taiwanese and Korean graduates from Japanese universities and technical schools. From 1933 to 1945, there were 25 Taiwanese graduating from Tatung Academy. The majority of enrollees in the second phase were Manchurian and Han graduates from high schools in Manchuria. During the seven years of this phase, there were four Taiwanese graduates. With the new system introduced in the second phase, the Academy took in mainly those who passed the promotion examination of senior civil servants and there was only one Taiwanese graduate. All 29 Taiwanese graduates eventually became senior officials in the Manchukuo government. After the Second World War, with the exception of one being dead and another opting to stay in the Mainland, all the remaining 26 graduates returned to Taiwan. However, their former service in the puppet regime posed obstacles for their being qualified for national and local examinations and their becoming civil servants in the Republic of China. Worse still, their previous years of service were not counted. Despite the initial setback upon their return to Taiwan, the capability and competence of these graduates coupled with their 'Manchurian experience' eventually earned them both opportunities and status in post-war Taiwan. The academics had devoted much attention to the Taiwanese involved in anti-Japanese organizations in Chongqing(重慶), showing little interest in these elites from Taiwan who had served in Manchukuo and their 'Manchurian experience'. Comparatively, materials on the related history were also scarce. With reference to the Manchukuo Empire Official Gazette(《滿洲國政府公報》) and interview records, this study explores the establishment of Tatung Academy and its changing role after the promulgation of the Decree for Civil Servants in Manchukuo. Moreover, the reasons for the exodus of talents from Taiwan to Manchukuo, their experience, their return after World War II and their subsequent adaptations are also examined to shed light on this rather unique history of Taiwanese elites.