立大清旗，奉萬歲牌：朱一貴事件時的「皇上萬歲聖旨牌」與地方社會

Local Society and 'Tablet for the Lord of Ten Thousand Years' during Zhu Yigui Incident

歷史文獻中曾一再被提及，南臺灣粵籍義民在康熙60年朱一貴事件之際，起事協助官府平亂時供奉的「萬歲牌」，應是指刻有「皇帝萬歲萬萬歲」字樣，以祈求皇帝長壽的木製牌位。高約50公分的長型牌位通常設有基座，平時可以安置於寺廟之內，與神像一起供人膜拜，也方便攜帶行走臨場供奉。鄉村社會中常被講成是來自於皇帝賞賜的龍牌，實際上往往是地方士紳或廟方自行仿製供奉，並非來自朝廷頒賜。萬歲牌一般並非獨立存在，而是附屬於某種宗教機構之中，主要在於表達該宗教機構以及地方社會，和王朝間的關係。萬歲牌與地方社會的關係並沒有隨著動亂平定而結束。這一方面是因為粵民起事之際供奉的萬歲牌可能來自於閩籍移民大本營的萬丹上帝廟。該廟因為和粵民成為義民的歷史有著密切的關係，而在歷史時期充滿著複雜的歷史變化。此外，義民在清廷援軍入臺掃蕩之際，曾派遣高達三千的武裝人員，將萬歲牌迎至府城的萬壽亭安置，並在動亂結束後重新迎回家鄉，長期供奉在地方廟宇之中。供奉萬歲牌的忠義亭，也成為往後一整個清代南臺灣粵籍移民的重要象徵。一旦地方社會發生動亂，他們就聚集在忠義亭，誓師起義，募集武裝人員，分配軍餉，並指揮民兵作戰。直到今天，忠義亭、義民的歷史，還和客家的族群認同具有深厚的關連。

It has been frequently mentioned in historical literature that a wooden tablet for the Lord of Ten Thousand Years had been consecrated by yimin, literally 'righteous people' and to whom this title was awarded by the Qing state in honor of their effort, in southern Taiwan during the Zhu Yiqui Uprising of 1721. The extant tablets of about 50 centimeters high are all installed on pedestals in different temples together with other deities for worship by believers. Local people call these tablets 'Dragon Tablets,' signifying their imperial origin as bestowed by the emperor. Nevertheless, in reality, these tablets are often replica either produced by the local gentry or the temples. The fact that the tablets were usually affiliated to religious institutions manifests the close relation between religious institutions, the local society and the state. Even after the Uprising, the tablets for the Lord of Ten Thousand Years continued to play a role in bridging the local society with the state. The tablets were enshrined by yimin, the majority of who were of Guangdong ancestry. Yet, it came originally from a temple located in a village of Fujian immigrants. The temple had great significance in the transitional process during which Guangdong immigrants finally became the dominant group among yimin. Moreover, when the yimin collaborated with the Qing army to suppress the Uprising, more than three thousand military yimin had escorted the tablet to the prefectural city and enshrined it in the Pavilion of Long Longevity. After the turmoil was over, yimin welcomed the tablet back home and placed it in a local temple hereafter. The consecration of the tablet by the Pavilion of Loyalty and Righteousness henceforth made the temple the most significant symbol for the solidarity of Guangdong immigrants in southern Taiwan throughout the Qing rule. Whenever communal feuds or local disturbance arose, they gathered in the Pavilion, took oaths, recruited military men, allotted rations, and commanded mercenaries. Up to the present day, both the Pavilion of Loyalty and Righteousness and yimin are still closely related to the making of Hakka ethnic identity and both have been essential to understanding the long history of Guangdong immigrants in southern Taiwan.