日治時期臺灣的金雞納樹栽培與奎寧製藥

Historical Research of Cinchona Cultivation and Quinine Production in Colonial Taiwan

金雞納樹在十七世紀上半葉由南美傳入歐洲，並於十九世紀走入實驗室與大農園。在西方，殖民母國的科學家成功分離出樹皮中的生物鹼，探求奎寧成分治療疾病的機制，並尋找人工合成奎寧的可能性；另一方面，在印度、爪哇等殖民地的金雞納樹農園，專家則致力於優良樹種的培植及產量的提升。金雞納（日文稱為幾那、機那、規那或キナ皮）與奎寧（貴尼涅、幾尼涅、規尼涅、キニーネ）的知識透過蘭學及明治後的西學不斷傳至日本，樹皮與奎寧鹽類製品也隨之進口，成為與東洋人蔘齊名的西洋聖藥，並在十九世紀末隨著瘧疾傳染機制的解明而成為治瘧、防瘧的唯一解藥。日本取得唯一位於熱帶的殖民地臺灣後，官方曾屢次於臺灣各地推動金雞納樹的試植；1920年代，擁有萃取技術的民間製藥業者陸續來臺尋找造林適地；帝國大學演習林的「規那學」亦在1930年代發展出來。然而，臺灣的金雞納栽培、奎寧產製與防瘧政策間並非簡單的因果關係，不僅受到帝國內外的政治、經濟、衛生情勢影響，也與金雞納或奎寧的「身分」互相牽連。本文動態地檢視金雞納樹從經濟作物、藥用植物到成為國策作物的歷史，分析官、產、學界於各個階段扮演的角色，並探討其與臺灣防瘧政策的相互關係。

Cinchona bark was brought into Europe as a treatment for ague in the early 17th century. In the 19th century, cinchona was introduced to the laboratory and to the plantation. Scientists of the West extracted successfully quinine from the bark, examining how alkaloids work in the treatment of disease, and exploring artificial synthesis of quinine. On the other hand, Cinchona plantation in British and Dutch colonies raced to initiate and cultivate the best or most productive species of Cinchona. Meanwhile, Cinchona bark (幾那,機那,規那orキナ皮 in Japanese) and quinine (貴尼涅,幾尼涅,規尼涅or キニ ネ)were imported into Japan, and soon enjoyed equal popularity with Ginseng. By the end of the 19th century, with the discovery of the infection mechanism of malaria, the use of quinine has been recognized not only as a therapeutic means, but also an efficient tool for prevention. After Taiwan became the first tropical colony under the Japanese Empire, efforts had been made by the colonial government to initiate Cinchona cultivation. Since the 1920s, pharmaceutical industries that possessed the technique of quinine extraction had also tried to seek sites for setting up cinchona plantation in Taiwan. Furthermore, the experimental forests of imperial universities established the branch of study called 'Kina-ology' in the 1930s. However, the causal relation between Cinchona cultivation, quinine production and anti-malaria policy in colonial Taiwan is more complicated than previously thought, and should be examined in an international context. This paper traces the history of Cinchona cultivation in Meiji Japan and colonial Taiwan, revealing that Cinchona trees were initially viewed as tropical plants, then medicinal plants since 1912, and finally plants of national policy after 1932. It also discusses the role played by the government, pharmaceutical industries and imperial universities in each stage. Moreover, the dynamic relationship between Cinchona cultivation, quinine production and anti-malaria policy is reexamined in this paper.