客家人的宗族建構與歷史記憶塑造：以臺灣六堆地區為例

Construction of Hakka Lineages and Creation of Hakka Historical Memories: A Case Study of Liudui Region in Taiwan

學界一般認為臺灣邊疆的社會環境，導致了客家群體發展出跨地域的社會組織，從而引導出客家族群的認同。這樣的地緣組織結構，與普遍被視為血緣關係的宗族組織之間，似乎並沒有直接的關聯。不過在今日的臺灣社會，客家族群卻以宗族組織發達和團結著稱。本文試圖從連貫的歷史視野出發，探討宗族組織在鄉村社會興起的過程與機制，以及與臺灣社會特殊發展歷程的關係，進而推論出客家地域聯盟的族群認同與地方宗族之間存在密切的關聯。臺灣南部的客家聚居區六堆，為筆者提供了一個最佳的觀察對象，此地自清初以降便以強大的跨地域軍事聯盟聞名於世，宗族在這一社會內部扮演的角色，便成為有意義的問題。本文認為，自十八世紀以來興起的跨地域控股機構─嘗會─是六堆地域聯盟的社會基礎之一；而近代祠堂興建與族譜編修的熱潮，則與殖民地背景下地方士紳的文化創造有關。宗族建構不同策略的背後，不但折射出地方社會在不同時期的結構變遷，也塑造客家群體的歷史記憶。這樣一種視角或許將有助於我們理解臺灣客家地域社會的形成過程，以及族群塑造背後的歷史基礎。

Scholars often argue that the Hakka identity grew out of the many cross-community organizations that flourished with the social development of Taiwan under Qing rule. While it is widely accepted that such organizations were territorial-based rather than lineage-based, contemporary studies have not probed into the reason why various lineage organizations also thrived in the development of Hakka communities and ultimately became a distinct cultural marker representing Hakka solidarity. To elucidate the correlation between Hakka identity and lineage organizations, this paper traces the social impetus that contributed to the emergence of lineage organizations from a long-term historical perspective within the framework of state-society integration. By exploring the role of lineages in the development of the Liudui region in south Taiwan, which was famous for its once powerful militaristic alliance during early Qing rule, this paper argues that the interpretation of Hakka ethnicity is closely related to the course of lineage formation. The establishment of ancestral sacrificial organizations and lineage corporations laid down the foundation for the formation of ethnic collective memories and the growing identity of the area. Cultural symbols of traditional Han clan development such as ancestral halls and genealogies continued to be the key representations of power and influence in Liudui, even during the colonial period. By 1960, Hakka ethnic memory in Liudui was molded by collective historical interpretations of its past in different eras and under different regimes both by local Hakka residents and the government. The identity of Hakka-speaking groups was further intensified by the continuous Chinese state-building process carried over to Taiwan by the post-war Chinese nationalist regime.