臺灣戰後工業化是殖民時期的延續嗎？兼論戰後第一代企業家的起源

First-generation Industrial Entrepreneurs in Postwar Taiwan

臺灣戰後工業化是否是日本殖民時期的自然延續？臺灣戰後第一批主要資本家來自何處？本文從企業角度切入，探討臺灣戰後為何能夠快速工業化的成因。研究發現臺灣戰後第一批重要企業的創始人，除了大陸遷臺紡織資本外，本土工業資本多為原先無製造經驗的戰後新興資本，他們的興起多曾受到產業政策的扶植與協助，或曾受惠於中華民國政府（以下簡稱「國府」）所分配的特許市場執照。這一方面是因日據時期工業化程度有限，具殖民與飛地的性質，並未產生本地工業資本。另一方面，則是因國府延續了日本殖民政府高度主導地位，並有美國的支援，也確實運用其條件推動了工業化。國府雖未將重要國營企業私有化，但自始即扶植民營企業，以致於私部門製造業產值的份額在1954年就開始超過公部門。其產業政策的成功之處，在於其在公營與私營之中、在保護及競爭中尋得折衷之道。本文這些發現，與發展經濟學中修正學派強調產業政策的角色的說法相一致，顯示殖民統治的影響需要放在落後國家追求經濟發展的架構中去理解。

Taiwan has been one of the best performers among latecomers in the postwar period. Addressing the question of how it achieved such fast growth, this paper explores the origins of its first-generation industrial elites. During the colonial days, the Japanese government did promote industrialization, though limited to sugar refining and military support industries and with predominance of Japanese conglomerates. With the defeat of Japan in the Second World War, these modern industries were taken over by the Nationalist government and were maintained as state-owned-enterprises. Nonetheless, the Nationalist government did not expand the SOEs and instead promoted private enterprises in the targeted light industries, especially the textile industry. The government also allocated franchise rights in restricted markets, such as cement and insurance sectors, to existing local interests so as to consolidate its political rule. The list of the top 51 business groups in 1971 showed that one third of the industrial elites came from the Mainland and most of them had prior manufacturing experience; while the rest were local elites who had mostly commercial or no experience at all. These novices had to rely upon the government's industrial policy for initiation into industrialization. One third of the entrepreneurs were involved in the textile industry, and many were granted monopoly franchises by the government. The above findings reveal the significant impact of the government policy in promoting industrialization, implementing land reform and allocating privileges on Taiwan's economic development in early postwar years.