帝國邊區的客庄聚落：以清代屏東平原為中心（1700－1890）

Hakka Settlements of the Pingtung Plains at the Periphery of the Qing Empire, 1700-1890

從帝國邊區的比較視野看來，清代屏東平原客庄聚落的地權結構顯示公共產權特別發達。包括祭祀嘗會田業和神明組織購置的以租粟為主的田業，約佔全聚落總田地面積70－80％。其次，客庄從1700年代發展出來的半軍事化民團組織「六堆」，結合村庄管事、宗族領袖和家族長老等掌管田業和社會救濟組織的精英，形成屏東平原一股有機的政治經濟勢力。本文認為，客庄先民因清初政府獎勵墾戶佔墾政策，先以佃戶身份，向閩籍業主墾戶接洽土地租佃生產關係。稍後，運用投資工本改良土地的途徑，轉化為田主階層，並建立排外性的聚落。由於客庄居民的墾地，位居屏東平原最富地下水源的農耕地帶，促使客庄享有豐富的自然資源；稍後，因緣於頻繁而長期的閩、粵分類械鬥事件，逐漸建成兼具防衛與攻擊的民團組織。

Hakka settlements at the Pingtung Plains of southern Taiwan illuminate a peculiar pattern of land concentration. About 70-80% of arable lands belonged to corporate landlords, such as the organizations in charge of ancestral worship and devotion to local deities. Another feature of these Hakka settlements is the establishment of militia groups, known as the Six Units. Village heads, family elders and other group leaders pulled together to share the costs and formed a military power, either as protector or predator. This essay analyzes the development of Hakka land ownership and the establishment of exclusive settlements. It also highlights the importance of aquifer, in the vicinity of which Hakka settlers occupied at the Pingtung Plains. Such location ensured abundant supply of groundwater for both agricultural cultivation and daily consumption.