臺灣的環境治理（1950－2000）：基於生態現代化與生態國家理論的分析

Environmental Governance in Taiwan (1950-2000): An Analytical Study in the Light of Ecological Modernization and Eco State Theory

在當代環境政治理論中，生態現代化和生態國家理論主張「國家」是處理環境危機的重要機制。本文以此為基礎，探討國民政府遷臺五十年的環境治理。本文主張以國家為主要角色的環境治理歷程，可以劃分為兩大時期：（一）國家強勢主導的環境治理時期（1950－1979）」與（二）「多元複合勢力主導的環境治理時期（1980－2000）」。由於臺灣環境治理的價值取向，基本上以民生健康與福祉為主，且偏重生產型態與微弱永續性，因此政策上不免會出現矛盾性。生態現代化是指國家回應環境危機的治理。綜觀五十年的歷史發展，臺灣在草根運動興起之前，便已逐步面對與處理環境危機的挑戰，一如西方先進社會在第二次世界大戰之後的狀況，所以可以視為已經開啟生態現代化；但臺灣對環境危機的處理，多數是被動式的回應，缺乏全面性與預防性的作法，因此在邁向以「生態永續」為目標的生態國家之路上，仍有努力之空間。

In research of contemporary environmental politics, both theories of ecological modernazation and ecological states argue that the 'state'is the fundamental mechanism dealing with environmental crises. In the light of such argument, this paper analyzes the characteristics of environmental governance in Taiwan from 1950 to 2000. This paper suggests that the policy-making history of environmental governmnce in Taiwan can be divided into two periods：the state-dominant period (1950-1979)and the multiple-forces period(1980-2000).During both periods, the focus was on people's well-being and social welfare with great emphasis on production models. However, the contents of environmental governance implemented were marred by weak sustainability and contradictions. In conclusion, this paper proposes that the government of Taiwan did initiate evological modernzation. In other words, it had launched environmental reforms even before the grassroots movement took off, much like the situation in Western industrial countries. During the second half of the 20th century, Taiwan responded only passively to ecological challenges, lacking an active or comprehensive approach；and thus has far to go before it can fulfill the role of an ecologically sustainable state.