脫離困境：戰後初期海南島之臺灣人的返臺

Returning to Taiwan: Treatment and Repatriation of Formosans on Hainan (1945-1946)

一九四五年八月十五日，日本宣佈投降；九月，美軍進駐東京，亞太地區開始進入新的局勢。在這個新的局勢開搌之前，舊的局勢所遺留下來的問題，仍待進一步地處理和安排。為了社會治安及經濟重建等因素，而滯留在原中國戰區及東南亞等地區內之日本人、臺灣人和韓國人之遣返，即為諸多需要解決的主要問題之一。一九四六年一月十二日，國民政府（以下簡稱國府）行政院公布臺灣人恢復為中華民國國籍後，臺灣人可以自行決定繼續留居中國大陸或回返臺灣。因離家已久，及中國大隢陸內部之社會環境等多種因素的考量，留居於中國大陸各地的臺灣人，已然做好回返家鄉的準備。位於中國大陸南端海上之海南島，至戰爭結後，在島上，留有為數2萬人以上之臺灣人，化門的法留，從被國府忽略，演變成倍受注目的問題。至一九四六年四月，海南島上停留的臺灣人，其人數比在廣州者為多；在人口之背景上，更應廣州者不同。海南島上的臺灣人，以參與日軍軍務活體者佔大部分，而且大部分均生活在集中營內。由於生活物資的供應與分配的不足、醫療條件的匱代，導致臺灣人的生活甚為困苦，在中國軍隊接收原日軍佔領區內，為「境遇最差、情況最慘」者。其後，因國府所派之管理機構處理不善，及船隻的缺代，阻塞了臺灣人返回臺灣的路途，只能自行搭船，冒險出海，發生多起不幸的船難事件，超過一千餘位臺灣人，漂流到澳門等待救援的事件，引起臺灣社會大眾之重視。戰後初期國府等官方機構載運海南島的臺灣人反臺，為集體接運在中國大陸的臺灣人之人數最多，也是最後一批的反臺活動，象徵一個舊階段的結束。本文分析海南島的臺灣人遲遲不歸的原因及其相關問題，並對國府、國防部、行政院，廣東省政府、長官公署等中央和地方政府，照顧和運用海南島的臺灣人之措施予預檢討，以及探究國際因素所造成的影響等。基本上，海南島的灣人返臺，為戰後分散於中國大陸之臺灣人的個案，為探討旅外臺灣人問題的起步。

At the end of WWⅡ, over 20,000 Formosans were living on the island of Hainan. Although the executive Yuan of China had declared all Formosans to be Chinese in January 1946 (actually effective as of 25th October 1945), neither the local administration or the provincial government had any idea of how to treat the Formosans with the new identity. Were they 'subjects of our enemy' or 'comrades of the same nationality? The local government looked upon the Formosans as of Japanese nationality. Because of their role played in Japanese invasion of Hainana before and during WWⅡ, the Formosans of Hainan were put into war-prison camps, and subjected to severe treatment, such as poor medical care and short food rations. All Formosans on Hainana harbored the wish of returning to Taiwan, which was eventually granted thorugh arduous struggle and with the support of people in Taiwan. The main aim of this article is to piece together the experience of the Formosans in war-prison camps on Hainan from 1945-1947. In addition, the policy and method of repatriation of the Nationalist Government towards the Formosans were also examined.