反動論述和社會科學－－臺灣威權主義時期的反民主論

政治理念和意識型態是政治行為的重要動力，也是政治變遷或政治穩定的重要變數。Albert O. Hirschman在其名著The Rhetoric of Reaction中指出，現代世界中每一個進步性運動的過程中，都同時出現了反進步的反動論述。臺灣在威權統治時期中，也出現不少為獨裁體制辯護、攻擊民主改革要求的反動論述。其中部分論述的結構，和Hirschman所分析的歐美反動論述甚為相似。本文同時也討論臺灣反動論述的另一個特徵：社會科學理論和語言的大規模使用。臺灣第二波民主運動出現的時候，和美國社會科學引進臺灣知識界大約同時。這些理論和語言立即成了臺灣反民主論述的現成工具，包括「現代化理論」（民主政治以經濟發展為前提）、「政治衰敗論」（群眾的政治參與帶來的不是民主改革，而是政治動亂）、以及「政治文化論」（民主政治需要某種稱為民主文化的條件）等。本文討論了這些學術理論的使用和誤用。在臺灣我們幾乎可以說：沒有社會科學就沒有反動論述。臺灣社會科學發展史中這段不甚光榮的歷史，值得臺灣的社會科學家深思和反省。

As man's political actions are significantly motivated by political ideas, ideology becomes one of the most important arenas in the political struggle. Albert O. Hirschman points out in his Rhetoric of Reaction that all progressive thrusts in the last two hundred years in Europe were followed by ideological conterthrusts, while although assaulting the different enemies have contained the same theses. In Taiwan during the authoritarian stage, some of those theses also became the backbone of the Kuomintang regime's propaganda against the demand for democratic reform. Focusing mainly on the political commentaries by scholar and journalists, this paper analyzes and discusses how some theories in American mainstream social sciences were used or abused on the assault of the democratic movement. These theories include, among others, the modernization theory, which presumes an economic prerequisite to democracy, political cultural theory, which argues prescribing a particular culture for the working of democracy, and theory of political decay, which sees mass participation only bringing about political disorder rather than democratic reform. This paper concludes with a call to social scientists for giving more consideration to the political and social context when promoting inconclusive theories and findings.