重新解析殖民地臺灣的國語「同化」教育政策－－以日本的近代思想史為座標

A Reanalysis of dōka and Educational Policy in Colonial Taiwan in the Context of Modern Japanese Political Thought

本論文是以歐美統治下殖民地的同化政策和日本的近代史為思考座標，把多半被拿來當做分析概念的「同化」當做分析對象，繼而來解析日本統治下臺灣「同化」政策之原理及結構。在找出臺灣「同化」政策的特異性並探討其特異面與（一）近代日本的建國原理──「國體論」和（二）上田萬年的國語思想之關連性後，筆者認為：日本統治下臺灣的的「同化」政策雖然具有以文明及文化為中心之兩義的實質內涵，但也同時擁有強烈的意識形態及工具性。而隨著時代的變化，被當做道具時的「同化」及具有實質內涵的「同化」都具有明顯的流動性。而統治者在提倡國語「同化」教育時，經常都以上田獲年的國語思想為媒介，試圖去賦與自己一個統治形態上的印象那就是「走向『一視同仁』」、「走向日本民族」。而統治者之所以會執著於這樣的統治策略，其目的則是為了彌補以「國體論」支配臺灣時所造成天皇制國家原理的破綻。因為，基於擬血緣制國家原理和「一視同仁」這兩個註軸概念所成立的「國體論」，與支配殖民地異民族這個政治事實在理論上是相互衝突、參盾的。筆者認為「同化」的主要功能之一，就是在維持整個天皇制國家政治體制的平衡。日本統治下臺灣的「同化」並不完全等於一般殖民地學所說的assimilation，而是受制於「國體論」而產生出來的一種統治策略。

This paper reexamines of concept of dōka, commonly rendered as 'assimilation,'by seeking to identify the distinguishing features of Japanese assimilation policy on Taiwan via a comparison with European and American assimilation policies and by reference to modern Japanese history. In order to dissect the principles and structure of dōka this article examines its relationship to modern Japanese political thought and ideas of language, in particular the concept of kokutai (polity) and the theory of language promoted by Ueda Mannen. I argue that although dōka policy in colonial Taiwan was centered on the principles of civilization and culture it also had an intensely ideological and instrumental character. Both the instrumental and substantive aspects of dōka displayed a marked fluidity throughout time. Many of those who promoted assimilationist Japanese-language education used Ueda Mannen's theories about the Japanese language to create an image of rule expressed by slogans such as 'Toward imperial impartiality (isshi dōzen)' and 'Toward Japaneseness (nihon minzoku).' Their attempts were motivated by the need to mend a perceived rupture in the Japanese polity brought about by the colozization of Taiwan and to maintain equilibrium of the overall imperial system. This was because rule over alien peoples contradicted the fundamental principles of a common ethnic heritage and equality of status among imperial subjects that were the foundation of the Japanese polity. Dōka as extended to Taiwan is thus not completely equivalent to ideas of assimilation as generally understood in western colonial studies. Instead, it must be seen as a strategy of rule that was a product of the need to mimic, modify, and employ on Taiwan the basic principles upon which the Japanese polity was founded.