疾病、邊緣族群與文明化的身體－－以1895－1945宜蘭泰雅族為例

Disease, Marginal Indigenous Society and Civilized Body: A Case Study of I-lan Taiyal in 1895-1945

本文探討傳染病和泰雅族群歷史變遷的關係，特別是1895年日本治臺之後，泰雅族所處生活環境、罹患疾病型態，以及其傳統文化等三者變動的邏輯關係。當時殖民政府的理蕃政策實是以泰雅族為主要對象，該族群也在此時才受到比較大的改造。而促成族群歷史變遷的因素頗多，本文勿寧更關心疫病因素在其中的作用。本文的主要結論是：泰雅族原已適應臺灣生態環境，建立適度的文化機制。傳統的「出草」防疫及防疫的禁忌，看似迷信的宗教信仰，卻是從自然經驗之中形成；部落擴散分佈于高山地區，也是依據自然經驗，合理發展的結果。然而，殖民政府為便於控制及利用山林資源，將泰雅族防衛的行為視為野蠻，而以部落集團移住及水田耕作，作為馴化泰雅族的主要政策。這一過程，泰雅族人感染許多文明地區的傳染病及鳳土病瘧疾。這些新的疾病總是不僅削弱泰雅族群的健康，同時使泰雅族人必須仰賴更多外來的文明設施。疾病因素即是如此推促泰雅群的文化變遷。

This paper analyzes the relationship between infectious disease and the change of the Taiyal tribal society under Japanese Rule. The focus of the analysis is on the change of and the interaction between the Taiyal's living environment, their traditional culture, and the pattern of the diseases. The paper notes that the Taiyal was the chief target of colonial government's policy of controlling the aborigines and that the Taiyal society changed markedly during the colonial period. The study focuses on the influence of the infectious diseases as one of the major factors that caused the change of the tribal society. The paper concludes that the Taiyal had adjusted themselves to Taiwan's particular natural environment by establishing specific cultural mechanism. Both the tradition of head-hunting and the practice of dispersing themselves in mountain area had the function of preventing diseases. This Taiyal culturaltradition was also defined 'barbarian' customs. The colonial government forcedthe Taiyal to move away from the mountain area and to practice rice-farming inorder to exploiting natural resources of this area. As a result of this aborigine-controlling policy, the Taiyal was more vulnerable to infections, such as epidemic and endemic malaria in civilized area. The spread of the new diseases damaged Taiyal's health and the tribal society was increasingly dependent upon the modern medical system. Disease thus played an important role in the change of the Taiyal tribal society.