日治初期台灣林野經營之展開過程－－以大嵙崁（桃園大溪）地區為中心

Taiwan's Rinya Management During the Early Stage of Colonial Rule - A Case Study of Ta-k'a -k'an (Ta-hsi,T'ao-yüan) in Northern Taiwan

明治二十八年（1895年）臺灣統治政權的交接（清－＞日）是在臺灣北部外海進行，清廷代表並未就統治時期的各項官有財產及文書檔案，與日本進行移交；再加上日本領有初期的軍事、社會動亂等因素，使得清領時期的相關統治文書資料大部份燬於兵燹。因此，日本雖在明治二十八年底，完成對臺的初步軍事佔領行動，但是對於臺灣社會經濟現狀的認識，可說是幾乎處於空白的狀態。

in order to exercise an effective control on the use of rinya (forests and fields which was unregistered, whether under reclamation or un-reclaimed), in the early phase of Japanese colonial rule, the Government-General of Taiwan implemented its rinya management policies in two steps. Because the land records had been damaged during wartime, the Government-General encouraged Taiwanese occupants to provide original documents proving their possession of rinya during the Ch'ing period and then apply for an extension of these rights from the new government. In doing so, the government succeeded in establishing an accurate cadastral record on rinya. In addition, a legal act issued in 1895 granted the Government-General the ownership of unclaimed rinya. This law provided the Government-General with the legal basis to prohibit illegal reclamation as well as the right to redistribute unclaimed rinya. In the subsequent step in the following year, the Government-General issued, in a more complete form, a variety of laws regulating rinya transfer, which greatly facilitated its management of rinya. The case of Ta-k'o-k'an analyzed in this paper reveals that local rights on rinya were recognized by the colonial government in various stages of rinya management. Meanwhile, the law did not deprive natives of the right to reclaim rinya. In the period of reconstructing cadastral records, the native reclaimers obtained an extension of their rights. Rather than possessing ownership rights, the reclaimers acquired the right to reclaim the field. The reclaimer was allowed to transform his reclamation rights into full ownership rights under the condition that the reclamation would be completed in due time. Applicants were required to open the land for cultivation in a shorter period of time compared to the previous reclamation patents granted by the Ching government. This measure ensured a more efficient regulation of rinya. Rinya owners who failed to provide valid land title documents were also allowed to legalize ownership after a symbolic payment to the government. Taiwan was in a state of chaos when Japanese colonizers landed. The colonial administration was greatly disturbed by this social disorder. Moreover, colonial rule induced alarming financial pressures on the central government in Tokyo. In order to stabilize local society quickly, expand tax incomes, and pacify mountain aborigines, the colonial government adopted a preservation policy toward native rinya rights. The government tended to satisfy the interests of all parties, and in the Ta-k'o-k'an case was, in fact, impartial, with no evidence of special favors given to its compatriot Japanese capitalists.