歧視與暴力下的土地掠奪：台灣環境正義與人權的凝視

Discrimination and Violence Exemplified in Land Expropriation: Environmental Justice and Human Rights in Taiwan

環境正義關注分配的不公平及背後的社會歧視，優勢群體得以藉由制度的偏見獲得環境利益，而弱勢群體則面對制度的暴力以及人權的侵犯與損害。本文藉由四個土地掠奪的案例分析，檢視台灣環境不正義的現象，並且指出發展的意識型態、土地炒作的政經結構，不僅造就土地、環境、物種、世代的不正義， 亦讓環境人權成為台灣社會可望而不可及的道德理想。最後本文認為，在政府對環境人權保障的消極不作為，甚至對環境剝削與人權侵犯之下，只有公民的積極作為與行動，才能促使環境人權的積極行政實現。

Environmental justice is pitted against unfair distribution and its underlying social discrimination. Structural bias allows powerful groups to gain environmental benefits whilst weaker groups face structural violence along with abuse and deprivation of their human rights. This paper is based on a study of four land grabs. It looks at environmental injustice in Taiwan and notes how a development mentality combined with a political-economic structure of land speculation not only brings about injustice towards the land and the environment, not only engenders species deprivation and intergenerational injustice, but also results in environmental human rights becoming an unattainable moral ideal in Taiwan. The paper concludes that the government’s inaction in protecting environmental rights, indeed its actual deprivation and abuse of such rights, can only be overcome by active steps taken by citizens to bring about the implementation of environmental rights by administrative means.