境外取得刑事證據之證據能力判斷：以違反國際刑事司法互助原則及境外訊問證人為中心

Evidence Qualifications from International Cooperation for Taking Evidence: Violation of International Cooperation and Interrogation of Foreign Witnesses

為達蒐證目的之強制處分，不論決定或實際執行，容易侵害人權，故在各國刑事訴訟法上亦承認「證據排除」制度，亦即基於維持正當法律程序、司法純潔性及抑止違法偵查之原則，否則其所取得之證據恐將面臨證據禁止的法律效果。在委託外國協助我國調查取證時，所取得證據自不能置身事外，而應同受證據禁止之規範，現有的證據禁止理論主要是以國內違法取證為考慮，不能對此逕行適用。考慮到請求國與被請求國法制未必相同以及國際刑事法互助係建立在尊重、互惠等原則，證據禁止之判斷應以「違反國際普世人權基準或我國重要法律原則」為判斷基準，而非純然以外國法或本國法為據，我國司法實務對此問題常有意見不一、判斷標準不同等情形，頗值檢討。本文以證言之取得或使用違反對質詰問權等為例，說明此一標準之適用，兼及檢討我國司法實務對此問題的錯誤與不足之處。最後則提出一、提高關鍵證人來本國應訊之可能性；二、遠距視訊輔助；三、要求全程連續錄音錄影及四、允許被告辯護人於被請求國訊問證人時在場並質問等改善建議。

The determination or the implementation of compulsory measure regarding evidence gathering tend to invade the field of human rights protection. Therefore, it is widely believed that the exclusionary rule is an indispensable part for the due process protection, the judicial integrity, and the deterrence of illegal conducts of law enforcement agencies. The same rule should be applied in the area of international cooperation for taking evidence. However, the current theory of exclusionary rule focuses on the domestic affairs regarding illegal evidence taking, which does not include the area of international cooperation. Considering the potential difference about the legal systems between requesting state and requested state, and the basic principles of mutual respect and reciprocity in international mutual legal assistance, the criteria for the exclusionary rule in this area should be based on the notion of 'the violation of universal human rights or domestic fundamental legal principles,' instead of the sole considerations of foreign laws or domestic laws. Since the judicial practices in Taiwan have been inconsistent regarding such an issue, a comprehensive examination is crucially needed. This study demonstrates the application of the criteria and reexamines the deficiency of current judicial practices through the example of the violation of the right of cross-examination while collecting or using the testimony. A conclusion consists of the proposals of the revised model of testimony collection in foreign country will be presented at the end of the study.