自律與順從：阿多諾的半教育理論與博雅教育

Autonomy and Conformity: Adorno's Analysis of the Half-Culture and Liberal Education

本文旨在透過理論分析的方式，探討德國哲學家Adorno的半教育理論及其博雅教育之意義。阿多諾的半教育理論係基於馬克斯唯物辯證法的理論基礎之上，去反省發達資本主義社會中的教育與文化狀態。他發現到由於大眾傳播媒體的盛行與滲透，文化工業儼然成形，西方博雅教育強調自主自律之自由人格教養的傳統遭受到了衝擊，產生了偏枯的發展而成為阿多諾所謂的半教育狀況。這樣的半教育指的是教育成為淺薄的一知半解，是一種異化的教養型態。在這樣的情形下，自主自律的自由人格於焉消失，隨波逐流的順從性格成為社會人格的普遍現象，進而導致了社會的平庸化與單向化。而半教育現象的救贖之道唯有透過批判反省能力的培養，尤其是藝術活動所具有之批判、顛覆與否定社會、直透本真的自主性格，也才能再現已被文化工業所侵蝕之獨立自主的知性文化，進而實現真正完整的自由精神。

Through theoretical approach, this paper aims at analyzing Adorno's 'theory of half-education (Halbbildung)' and its implications of liberal education. According to Adorno's view, half-education is left when the conditions of autonomy are neglected and integration and conformity become the central focus. This trivial education provides individuals with a different framework for interpreting their lives and the world about them from liberal education, while it: still develops in them a capacity to integrate themselves into society. It delivers a set of preconceptions, an ideology, which filters the actual existence of individuals, providing them with a way of dealing with their experiences. This kind of education, however, pursues not autonomy but reconciliation and an edification of sorts, adjusting individuals to their fate while enlivening their dreary existence. Finally, Adorno argued that what is necessary for overcoming the tendencies of half-education is to promote independent thinking.