Implementation of Container Security in Northern America Area

北美地區執行貨櫃保安之探討

1960年代貨櫃興起，逐漸取代傳統散裝運輸，紓解了長久以來散雜裝運輸有關偷竊之問題。但隨著科技進步，再加上日新月異的犯罪手法層出不窮，貨櫃封條已不再是貨物唯一的安全保障，再者美國世貿中心以及911 的恐怖攻擊，更引起全世界對貨櫃保安的重視。然而，船公司和託運人所重視的安全，其實與保安有著不同的意義。本研究以美國地區為主要目標，探討貨櫃保安的相關法源、船公司和港口貨櫃集散站，以及內陸運輸的實務作業。如何因應貨櫃保安之要求，從接受訂艙到完成運送建立標準作業程序，以避免因為貨櫃保安之要求而增加運送時間，所造成客戶的抱怨以及產生客訴問題，進而追求更有服務品質、效率以及確保貨櫃安全的整合運送方式。貨櫃保安的要求只會增加不會減少，況且主導增修法的國家大多為已開發國家，其購買能力不容小覷，大多數的出口國顯少有談判籌碼，所以只能接受，因此兼顧貨櫃保安以及安全為業界當下所追求的目標。然而，相關法源要求的增加對於運送時間以及客戶滿意度則是呈反比，船公司、貨櫃場以及相關業者如何在夾縫中求生存？本研究進一步探討業界的實務作法，從以往各個獨立系統﹙如運務、櫃務、會計等系統﹚之間傳送的作業方式，至今已有業者發展出同一平台整合性的系統，建立各個子系統上下游的關係，不但可以避免輸入重複的資料來節省人力成本，然後進一步做系統勾稽以除錯，另外，更重要的是遇有異常或緊急狀況時，系統會自動通知相關單位以立即採取配套措施。單一平台之整合性系統不但可以減少系統間傳送的時間，對於保安以及客戶滿意度的提昇更是不在話下，所以建立整合型系統以因應日益增加的法規是業界當務之急。

After 11th September 2001, the United States of America remains the primary target of terrorist groups. An era of perpetual conflict has emerged. Like fighting crime (economically motivated violence), governments have to develop some organizations to take measures against terrorism (politically motivated violence) every day. With the dawn of the age of networked terrorism, regional governments, terminals' carriers have to develop integrated system with common databases, engage in the exchange of personnel, joint training and operations, resources, expertise and sharing experience. They do have no alternative but to allocate more resources on implementing security measures and recruiting qualified staff. How to meet the challenge of security with lower cost is the goal which all carriers' intend to achieve. Hammering out the integrated system with comprehensive functions under unique platform from booking to delivering of goods may reduce operation costs and improve the service quality. This paper aims to provide solutions to the carriers which shall meet the requirements of relevant security laws and regulations.